Citrus aurantium for cognitive health -
Envelopes were prepared by a person not involved in sampling, data collection and analysis. Similar glasses of Citrus aurantium essential oil or placebo were prepared and coded with letters of A and B.
The Citrus aurantium essential oil and placebo had exactly the same appearance smell, color, and shape. The intervention groups received a glass of drug or placebo in addition to counseling. The researcher and participants of intervention groups were blinded to the type of drug received.
The first and second intervention groups received 8 sessions of cognitive—behavioral counseling held in the health center in groups of 5—7 people. The mean duration of counseling sessions was 60—90 min. Cognitive—behavioral counseling sessions were by the first author Master of Counseling in Midwifery under the supervision of the project clinical psychologist in health centers held as 2 sessions per week and lasted for 4 weeks.
The content of the counseling included explaining the goals of training and acquaintance with the members, conducting a pre-test, explaining the importance of treatment, assessing the insomnia, perception of sleep and insomnia, evaluating thoughts, training relaxation, sleep health and new sleep schedules, restriction of sleep, prevention of daily naps, problem-solving skills, summarizing thoughts, reality of sleep, introducing the cycle of thought and feeling and behavior, and training thought blocking.
Due to COVID disease, the last two sessions were held online in the Zoom program due to unwillingness of pregnant women to attend the health center. The content of the counseling sessions was as follows:.
Session 1: Explaining the goals of training and acquaintance with members, conducting a pre-test, teaching how to monitor the baseline of sleep with a sleep report table, reminding the importance of treatment tasks, a complete assessment of the nature of insomnia.
Session 2: Presenting the principles and logic of treatment, teaching the mechanism of sleep and its stages, sleep—wake cycles and underlying factors, maintenance and continuation of insomnia, relaxation training.
Session 3: Reviewing the previous session of treatment, reviewing the findings of the sleep report form, sleep hygiene training, and review the relaxation and new sleep schedule. Session 4: Restricting sleep, preventing daily naps, evaluating thoughts and teaching how to record thoughts related to insomnia and reviewing the assignments of previous sessions sleep report form and homework schedule.
Session 5: Summarizing thoughts, problem-solving skills, reviewing the sleep report form and homework and troubleshooting. Session 6: Introducing the cycle of thinking, feeling and behavior, reviewing relaxation and training not to try fall asleep and apply all the instructions of the previous sessions and reviewing the homework of the previous sessions sleep report form and homework table.
Session 7: Training thought blocking, mental imaging, troubleshooting cognitive-behavioral therapy plan, reviewing patient homework. Session 8: Reviewing and troubleshooting the cognitive—behavioral treatment plan, noting the progress of treatment according to the sleep calendar to the patients.
The participants in the first intervention group, in addition to cognitive—behavioral counseling sessions, received aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil, so that they placed 2 drops of Citrus aurantium aromatic distillate on a tissue and inhaled it through normal breathing for 15—20 min before bedtime.
The Citrus aurantium essential oil required for the study was purchased from Bu Ali Sina Medical Company of Iran and after determining the concentration by gravimetric method was used by the Faculty of Pharmacy of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
The safe dosage was 8 mg of Citrus aurantium essential oil in ml of distilled water. Based on the evaluations made by the pharmacist, the minimum number of drops was considered for pregnant women.
The second intervention group received a placebo with the same prescription. The content of the placebo were distilled water. A kind of aroma was used to make the placebo smell similar to Citrus aurantium essential oil when opening the lid of container; however, it didn't have the potential to stimulate the nervous system.
The control group received only routine prenatal care. Data collection tools included the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics questionnaire, PSAS, PSQI, and QOL-GRAV, which were completed before and after the intervention through interview with participants.
The PSQI is a self-report tool scored from 0 to 21 and developed by Buysse et al. This questionnaire has seven components that include subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbances, the use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction.
A score above 5 indicates insomnia and poor sleep quality [ 29 ]. In a study conducted on pregnant women in Tabriz, Iran, the reliability of this tool was reported 0. A modified PSAS was used to measure pregnancy anxiety. Its short version contains 11 questions. The answer to each question varies from not at all score 1 to very relevant score 5.
Higher scores indicate a higher level of anxiety and there is no cut-off point. In a study conducted in Tabriz, Iran, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained at 0.
The QOL-GRAV has 9 questions to assess the level of personal experiences of quality of life during pregnancy. Each item is scored based on the Likert scale ranging from not at all score zero and completely score five.
In this questionnaire, the first six questions are scored in reverse. Persian version of QOL-GRAV has good validity and reliability, so this tool can be used to assess the quality of life of pregnant women [ 31 ].
Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The Kolmogorov—Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of quantitative data and all variables had normal distribution. Chi-square, Chi-square for trend, and Fisher's exact and independent t tests were used to evaluate the homogeneity of groups in terms of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics.
One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean scores of quality of life and anxiety among the intervention groups before the intervention and ANCOVA test was used after the intervention by adjusting the baseline score and the age variable.
Figure 1 shows the study flow diagram. The socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of all socio-demographic characteristics except age variable, the effect of which was controlled by ANCOVA test.
After the intervention, the quality of life score in the intervention group 1 AMD: 2. The results of this study showed that cognitive—behavioral counseling reduced anxiety and improved quality of life but had no effect on sleep quality.
The results of studies conducted by Edinger and Sampson [ 32 ] on patients at Durham Medical Center showed that cognitive—behavioral therapies improve sleep quality.
Also, the results of a study conducted by Reybarczyk [ 33 ] on older adults show that CBT is effective in reducing sleep onset time and improving sleep quality. In another study by Querstret et al. Thus, the results are controversial. Cognitive—behavioral counseling with or without Citrus aurantium essential oil did not have an effect on quality sleep, which is probably due to differences in participants, the virtual holding of some sessions due to COVID disease, as well as the lack of regular and correct exercise at home.
Along with primary insomnia and physical conditions, pregnancy-specific sleep problems may impede treatment. It seems that CBT may not be sufficient for women with high PSQI scores.
Also, observing sleep restrictions and scheduling might be difficult during pregnancy. There is a need to perform high-quality trials for sleep-related interventions during pregnancy and implement effective programs in standard prenatal care [ 35 ].
Citrus aurantium essential oil did not have an effect on sleep quality in our study. Based on the literature review, the effect of Citrus aurantium on sleep quality has been less studied than other essential oils, such as lavender, bergamot, and chamomile [ 36 ]. In comparison with the previous studies, the results may be due to the pregnancy-specific conditions and socio-demographic differences of the participants [ 37 , 38 ].
It is recommended that future studies focus more on the above-mentioned items. The results showed that cognitive—behavioral counseling had a positive effect on pregnancy anxiety. Many studies confirm the role of psychological therapies as a way to reduce anxiety and choose natural childbirth in pregnant women.
For example, the results of a study showed that CBT methods reduce anxiety in nulliparous women [ 39 ]. Firouzbakht et al. Another study revealed that psychological education in nulliparous women with severe fear of childbirth reduces the choice of cesarean section and increases satisfaction with the experience of childbirth [ 42 ].
Cognitive reconstruction, also known as rational empiricism, helps people identify the flow of anxious thoughts using logical reasoning for practical testing the content of their anxious thoughts against the reality of their life experiences.
In other words, they test the probability of occurring that something that will happen in reality [ 43 ]. Thus, cognitive assessment of events affects the response to those events and will pave the way for changing cognitive activity [ 44 ]. The results of this study showed that cognitive—behavioral counseling has a positive effect on quality of life.
In explaining these results, it can be stated that pregnancy is associated with stress, which can affect the quality of life of pregnant women. Thus, cognitive—behavioral counseling helps pregnant women manage stress, identify stressful situations, and then teach strategies to cope with these situations.
CBT equips participants with a variety of integrated techniques that they can use to reduce stress and improve quality of life [ 45 ]. Through training muscle relaxation and diaphragmatic breathing, people are taught to control their daily stress, and through negative thinking and thinking power, people are taught to recognize and control their negative cognitive symptoms [ 46 ].
The effect of cognitive—behavioral counseling with aromatherapy on sleep quality in pregnant women was examined for the first time.
In this regard, standard and valid questionnaires were used to assess the consequences and the native language of pregnant women was used during counseling sessions to communicate more with women and these cases can be considered as the study strengths. All women participating in this study were literate, so this can affect the generalizability of results in illiterate women.
Also, we only included pregnant women with a gestational age of 20—24 weeks. The future studies should be conducted on women in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. It is recommended to hold several sessions of cognitive—behavioral counseling for those who support these women husbands and other family members.
Also, the effect of CBT-I should be also assessed in future studies. It is also recommended to investigate the effect of cognitive—behavioral counseling on other populations such as women of childbearing age.
Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that cognitive—behavioral counseling with or without aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil can reduce anxiety and improve quality of life during pregnancy, but had no effect on the quality of sleep of pregnant women and its subdomains.
Further studies are required to develop a protocol to guide pregnant women with sleep problems. VandenBerg KA. State systems development in high-risk newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit: identification and management of sleep, alertness, and crying. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.
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New York: Guilford Press; Carney C, Edinger JD. Multimodal cognitive behavior therapy, insomnia: diagnosis and treatment. This powerful supplement has also been shown to support healthy digestion, improve cardiovascular health , and enhance athletic performance.
Octopamine, for example, has been shown to improve physical performance by increasing energy levels and reducing fatigue. Tyramine, another natural chemical found in Citrus Aurantium Extract, has been shown to improve cognitive function by increasing levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine.
This can help improve mood, focus, and overall cognitive performance. Citrus Aurantium Extract is a powerful natural supplement that offers a range of impressive health benefits.
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Address Rupnicu 4, Olaine, LV, Latvia W. Commerce St , Dallas, TX Email Address sales nstchemicals. Home Botanical Extracts Citrus Aurantium Extract. Hops Flower Extract. Additionally, normality was violated in several HRV markers and therefore the natural logarithmic transformation ln was applied prior to further statistical analysis: RMSSD lnRMSSD , SDNN lnSDNN , HF lnHF , LF lnLF.
A significant decrease in HR, lnRMSSD, and lnSDNN occurred along with a significant decrease in E and NE. Interestingly, a significant decrease in HFnu was observed while no changes in lnHF or lnRMSSD occurred despite a significant increase in lnSDNN.
Further points of consideration are provided below. The limited amount of information available pertains to the isolated components CA and C, with only one known study to have examined the combination of both [ 2 ]. For instance, Min et al. Furthermore, recent studies have shown little no changes in resting HR with caffeine consumption alone in habitual caffeine consumers [ 27 , 28 ].
When combining a mg of CA, and mg of C, Ratamess et al. No time-dependent changes were observed during the ingestion phase for the PLA trial. This discrepancy may be due to differences in the experimental design. For instance, the participants in the Ratamess et al. For instance, Rauh et al.
Zimmerman et al. Conversely, Yoshinaga et al. Interestingly, a nonsignificant rise of lnLF and reduction of lnHF was observed following the PLA trial.
However, when evaluating LFnu and HFnu a similar yet significant changed was observed, demonstrating a relative change in the ratios rather than the absolute values of the power spectral density. This may in part be due to the anticipation of the upcoming exhaustive protocol and pre-performance anxiety, resulting in minor shifts of ANS activity.
Future studies should evaluate and account for pre trial emotional stress. When evaluating plasma markers of SNS activity, it has been proposed that circulating sympathetic biomarkers E and NE increase following consumption of caffeine [ 33 , 34 ]; however, a recent study demonstrated caffeine to have little to no influence over resting values [ 35 ].
The lack of change in the lnRMSSD and lnHF in the presence of increased SNS activity acts against the traditional interplay between PNS and SNS balance.
Generally, with increases in SNS activity a withdrawal of vagal tone occurs. However, this was not observed and could be the result of a decreased sensitivity to caffeine or the rested state of the participant, which resulted in the attenuation of vagal activity.
Traditionally, it is believed that ANS activity is balanced between the PNS and SNS branches, exhibiting an inverse relationship [ 12 ].
Specifically, there was an increase in lnSDNN and lnLF without the presence of altered vagal activity. This is important because these markers are believed to have influences stemming from both the SNS and PNS [ 36 ].
Therefore, with no discernable changes within markers of vagal activity, it can be inferred that the increases of lnLF and lnSDNN are the result of changes seen in SNS activity. This response adds to the understanding of the level of complexity within ANS control and should be further investigated to determine thresholds between the various markers.
Following the exhaustive protocols, HR was significantly elevated in both trials and recovered in a similar time-dependent fashion Table 2A and B. This is consistent with the findings of Haller et al. Additionally, markers of HRV following the exhaustive protocol demonstrated nearly identical physiological responses, with a decrease in activity post exercise and a gradual increase toward baseline values, which is a commonly observed post exercise response [ 11 , 38 ].
A similar yet inverse response was observed in circulating plasma E and NE, with substantial increases post exercise and a return to baseline values within min post R2. As previously mentioned, recent studies have demonstrated that C provides little cardiovascular stimulation and more so acts to improve PNS activity rather than inhibit in habitual users [ 28 ].
However, it should not be overlooked that the research is conflicting in habitual consumers and that C has been shown to alter SNS activity through increased sensitivity to circulating E and NE [ 29 ].
There was no withdrawal of PNS activity despite a significant increase in resting HR, which could be explained by the combined effects of circulating E and NE as well as improved sensitivity related to C. The acting ingredient of CA, p-synephrine, works primarily on the ß-3 receptors on adipose tissue and therefore is unlikely to have any direct impact on autonomic function [ 7 ].
Indirectly, the increased activity of lipolysis, and thermogenesis caused by p-synephrine could have elevated SNS activity, which was demonstrated by Reimann et al. Though we did not measure changes in plasma lipids we can postulate that the known action of p-synephrine could have elevated plasma levels and consequently influenced sympathetic activity.
Beyond modest increases in SNS activity at rest, little benefit was observed during the exhaustive protocol recovery period, which was the primary purpose of the investigation. The observed priming of the SNS activity with no alterations of PNS activity provided new insight into the complex relationship of the ANS and warrants further investigation.
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Adequacy of the ultra-short-term HRV to assess adaptive processes in youth female basketball players. J Hum Kinet. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-Aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Kubios HRV--heart rate variability analysis software.
Comput Methods Prog Biomed. Heathers JA. Everything hertz: methodological issues in short-term frequency-domain HRV. Front Physiol. Goldberger JJ, Le FK, Lahiri M, Kannankeril PJ, Ng J, Kadish AH. Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.
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Sleep disorder is very common during cognitivd. Non-pharmacological treatments are Fat burning exercises priority to aurajtium the sleep pattern. Ehalth study aimed Citrus aurantium for cognitive health ajrantium the effect of cognitive—behavioral counseling with or without Citrus aurantium essential oil on sleep quality primary outcome and anxiety and quality of life secondary outcomes. This randomized controlled trial was performed on 75 pregnant women in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. For Citrue and gram quantities contact us at sales nstchemicals. Certificate of analysis available by Healty to Sport-specific fat burning nstchemicals. Citrus Aurantium Extract is a natural supplement that contains a variety of natural chemicals, including synephrine, octopamine, and tyramine. These compounds have been shown to provide a range of impressive health benefits, making Citrus Aurantium Extract a popular ingredient in many dietary supplements and wellness products. One of the key benefits of Citrus Aurantium Extract is its ability to support healthy weight management.
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