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Caffeine and cholesterol levels -

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Coffee and Cholesterol: Is There a Link? Medically reviewed by Angela M. Bell, MD, FACP — By Anna Schaefer — Updated on May 30, Cholesterol Coffee and cholesterol Brewing methods Benefits of coffee Warnings and risks Takeaway.

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May 30, Written By Anna Schaefer. Jan 25, Medically Reviewed By Angela M. Bell, MD, FACP. Share this article.

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Is There a Link Between Cholesterol and Sleep? Continuous variables are presented as median and interquartile range, and categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages. Comparisons between the different coffee groups were performed using Kruskal—Wallis test or chi-squared test.

For the analysis of the association between coffee consumption and continuous laboratory, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic outcome parameters as well as blood pressure we used multivariable linear regression models. Adjustment was performed for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, arterial hypertension, and smoking.

For systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in line with Tobin et al. Furthermore, logistic models were used for binary echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters as well as cardiovascular diseases.

No correction for multiple testing was applied All tests were two tailed. Data analysis was performed using R version 3. The included subjects Fig. Arterial hypertension was present in The median LVEF was Of those, With a rising amount of coffee consumption, subjects were more likely to be men, younger, smokers, and showed higher LDL-levels and BMIs compared to those with lower coffee consumption.

Moderate coffee consumers demonstrated the lowest prevalence of diabetes while no relevant interclass differences were observed for prior myocardial infarction, prevalent coronary artery disease CAD , and peripheral artery disease PAD Table 1.

In multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, arterial hypertension, smoking, additives, and lipid-lowering drugs, high coffee consumption was associated with raised LDL-cholesterol levels indicated by a beta of 5.

Additionally, high coffee consumption demonstrated associations with total cholesterol with a beta of 4. No relevant associations of coffee consumption with ECG parameters were detected in regression analysis. In line, neither morphological nor functional echocardiographic parameters correlated with coffee consumption Table 2.

In contrast, coffee consumption showed no associations with CAD, and PAD. In our population, a total of subjects were identified with the diagnosis of heart failure Table 1.

Nevertheless, neither heart failure in general nor differentiating into HFpEF and HF m rEF demonstrated significant associations with coffee consumption. In order to address potential confounding by black and green tea as well as caffeinated soft-drinks we performed sensitivity analyses, excluding all subjects with simultaneous consumption of coffee and green and black tea.

High coffee consumption still demonstrated a trend towards associations with LDL and an inverse trend towards associations with systolic and diastolic bp lacking statistical significance.

Supplementary Tables — To exclude potential bias caused be the consumption of certain food components, additional adjustment for specific diets vegetarian diet, vegan diet was performed revealing no changes in the detected associations of coffee consumption Supplementary Tables — Sex-specific stratification of all our multivariable regression analyses as well as sensitivity analyses separated by sex showed no differences regarding our key findings Supplementary Tables 80 — From the overall cohort subjects consumed decaffeinated coffee.

In this study we demonstrate that coffee consumption was not associated with altered cardiac function and morphology, heart failure, and most of its risk factors.

However, we observed an association with higher LDL-cholesterol levels and an inverse association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Coffee is a complex liquid containing a multitude of compounds that could affect cardiovascular health including caffeine and polyphenols 16 , Whereas in earlier studies, detrimental effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health were promoted, recent studies favor a neutral or positive effect of moderate coffee consumption 2 , 3 , 4 , 5.

The number of studies investigating associations of coffee consumption with echocardiographic parameters are scarce. Acute coffee intake seems to have no impact on cardiac function measured by echocardiography in healthy subjects Yet, in patients with CAD, coffee intake led to a decrease in left ventricular function, as well as a mild diastolic dysfunction possibly mediated by vasoconstriction and missing cardiac reserve in these patients In our community-based study, we did not depict relevant correlations of systolic or diastolic function with coffee consumption.

In contrast, the CARDIA study indicated that low-to-moderate daily coffee consumption from early adulthood to middle age was associated with better LV systolic and diastolic function Additionally, several studies have suggested a favorable cardiovascular outcome and less heart failure for low- to moderate coffee consumption 7 , 9 , Accordingly, we observed a weak inverse association of coffee consumption with NT-proBNP.

However, in our cross-sectional study there were no relevant associations of coffee consumption with heart failure or echocardiographic and electrocardiographic detectable HF precursors.

In line with most studies, we did not detect associations of coffee consumption with neither atrial fibrillation nor any other measured ECG time interval Only few studies addressed the topic of coffee consumption and ECG changes.

In young healthy adults, moderate caffeine consumption showed no effect on the PR, QRS, QT and QTc intervals 21 , Supportive of these findings, we were not able to depict any associations between coffee consumption and ECG variables. Nevertheless, some studies reported beneficial effects of coffee consumption on atrial fibrillation Although caffeine induces the release of metanephrines and raises calcium sensitivity of the myocardium, our study showed no association of coffee consumption and atrial fibrillation 24 , In line with previous observations, moderate and high coffee consumption was associated with increasing LDL-cholesterol levels Several studies on coffee consumption and lipids proposed that diterpenes, which are highly prevalent in unfiltered coffee, are the main drivers of a coffee-mediated increase in cholesterol levels 27 , In vitro, diterpenes mediated a reduction of LDL receptor activity Since the LDL receptor is responsible for the endocytic process of Apo B- and Apo E-containing lipoproteins, its suppression consequently leads to an extracellular accumulation of cholesterol.

However, possible coffee-induced elevations of LDL-cholesterol were not accompanied by a rise in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease. Data on the effect of coffee on blood pressure are inconsistent Whereas several studies demonstrated an association of coffee consumption with elevated blood pressure, other studies were not able to reproduce any influence of coffee consumption on blood pressure 31 , Another meta-analysis even demonstrated a linear association between increasing coffee consumption and decreased risk of hypertension Possible explanations for these contradicting results might be attributed to differences in population genetics.

Caffeine is mainly metabolized by Cytochrome P 1A2. Variations in the CYP1A2 allele lead to a slower metabolization of caffeine and are associated with an increased risk for hypertension However, even the consumption of decaffeinated caffeine showed the same negative association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, challenging the role of caffeine as the main driver of the described associations.

The positive association with LDL-cholesterol and negative association with blood pressure might support the hypothesis of counterbalancing effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health. The HCHS includes a sample from the middle-aged population of the German city of Hamburg with subjects mainly of Caucasian ascend.

Accordingly, translations of our results to other ethnic groups should be done with caution. This brings up the need for further studies, with larger sample sizes of subjects suffering from HF, allowing the distinction of HFmrEF and HFrEF.

As our study design is cross-sectional, only descriptions of associations but no causal claims can be made. Furthermore, all subjects have to answer the questionnaires by memory.

Being asked about the last 12 months' behaviors and habits can always be distorted by either wrong recollection or deliberate misinformation. Coffee is a highly complex beverage containing more than compounds acting as myriad bioactive substances.

Conclusions about which substance, e. caffeine, derived antioxidants or diterpene alcohols, is responsible for the investigated effects, cannot be made. Finally, coffee consumption might be associated with certain dietary patterns.

While our regression analysis accounted for major dietary factors, the possibility of undetected confounding by additional nutritive and non-nutritive components cannot be completely ruled out.

Our study provides new data on the associations of coffee consumption with cardiovascular health: LDL-cholesterol was positively, systolic and diastolic blood pressure inversely associated. Coffee consumption was not associated with cardiovascular diseases or altered cardiac structure or function suggesting possibly counterbalancing, neutral effects of coffee on cardiovascular health.

The data underlying this article cannot be shared publicly due to the privacy of individuals that participated in the study. The data will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author. Paul, O. et al. A longitudinal study of coronary heart disease. Circulation 28 , 20—31 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar.

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Casiglia, E. Haemodynamic effects of coffee and caffeine in normal volunteers: A placebo-controlled clinical study. Beller, E. Significant impact of coffee consumption on MR-based measures of cardiac function in a population-based cohort study without manifest cardiovascular disease.

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Pharmacotherapy 21 , — Zhang, Y. Coffee, alcohol, smoking, physical activity and QT interval duration: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition examination Survey.

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Food Sci. Grosso, G. Coffee, caffeine, and health outcomes: An umbrella review. Rustan, A. Effect of coffee lipids cafestol and kahweol on regulation of cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells.

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Hypertension 33 , — Steffen, M. The effect of coffee consumption on blood pressure and the development of hypertension. Long-term coffee consumption is associated with decreased incidence of new-onset hypertension: A dose—response meta-analysis.

Nutrients 9 , Palatini, P. CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension. Download references. The authors acknowledge the participants of the Hamburg City Health Study, the staff at the Epidemiological Study Centre, cooperation partners, patrons and the Deanery from the University Medical Centre Hamburg.

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Furthermore, it is supported by the participating institutes and departments from the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, which contribute with individual and scaled budgets to the overall funding. Technical equipment is provided by SIEMENS according to a contract for 12 years, the Schiller AG on a loan basis for six years, and Topcon on a loan basis from until The Hamburg City Health Study is additionally supported by an unrestricted grant to by Bayer.

Project-related analyses are supported by Amgen, Astra Zeneca, BASF, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung DGUV , Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DKFZ , Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung DZHK , Deutsche Stiftung für Herzforschung, Novartis, Seefried Stiftung, and Unilever.

A current list of the supporters is online available on www. Sponsor funding has in no way influenced the content or management of this study.

A study levelz in Open Breakfast skipping and hormonal balance looks at self-reported consumption of leveld and ccholesterol levels. More research is needed lefels Caffeine and cholesterol levels cholesteril this further. But be careful if you like to add Cqffeine syrups Caffeine and cholesterol levels whipped cream, as these can increase your Caffeinf Caffeine and cholesterol levels saturated fat intake. While the variation in association between coffee consumption and cholesterol levels observed when stratifying the population by sex and method of brewing coffee are interesting, caution should be taken in interpreting causal effects. For example, the observed differences could instead be explained by confounding factors giving rise to spurious associations. Specifically, men and individuals with a preference for a certain type of coffee may happen to also have other lifestyle factors that affect their cholesterol levels. Generally speaking, it is difficult to infer causation from such observational study designs, and randomised clinical trials are typically required for this. By Harjit K. Chahal, MD, Cardiology. If you are experiencing a Caffeine and cholesterol levels emergencyplease leevels or seek Carbohydrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis pathway at cholssterol emergency Cafffeine. Do you drink coffee? In fact, well over million Americans have elevated cholesterol or are at serious risk for it. So research scientists have posed an intriguing question: Is there a possible connection between coffee and cholesterol? For many people, even the term can spark apprehension.

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Does Coffee Raise Cholesterol?