Obesity and fast food -
Poverty income ratio : An index representing the ratio of family income to poverty. The U. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES were used for these analyses.
NHANES is a cross-sectional survey designed to monitor the health and nutritional status of the civilian noninstitutionalized U. population 9. Dietary information for this analysis was obtained via an in-person hour dietary recall interview in the MEC.
Dietary recalls cover intake for any given day, specifically the hour period prior to the dietary recall interview midnight to midnight. The NHANES sample is selected through a complex, multistage design that includes selection of primary sampling units counties , household segments within the counties, and, finally, sample persons from selected households.
The sample design includes oversampling to obtain reliable estimates of health and nutritional measures for population subgroups. African-American persons, Hispanic persons, persons with low income, and persons aged 60 and over were oversampled during — NHANES public-use data files are released in 2-year cycles.
Day 1 dietary sample weights—which account for the differential probabilities of selection, nonresponse, and noncoverage—as well as day of the week of dietary recall and nonresponse to the dietary interview were incorporated into the estimation process Estimates for the total population were age adjusted to the projected U.
To test for linear trends among ordinal groups, the null hypothesis of nonlinear trend was tested using orthogonal polynomials. All differences reported are statistically significant unless otherwise indicated.
Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS version 9. and SUDAAN version Cheryl D. Fryar and R. Fryar CD, Ervin RB. Caloric intake from fast food among adults: United States, NCHS data brief, no Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.
Edward J. Sondik, Ph. Madans, Ph. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. National Center for Health Statistics. Soc Sci Med. Powell LM, Slater S, Mirtcheva D, Bao Y, Chaloupka FJ.
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Fruit and vegetable access differs by community racial composition and socioeconomic position in Detroit, Michigan.
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Arch Intern Med. Crawford DA, Timperio AF, Salmon JA, Baur L, Giles-Corti B, Roberts RJ, et al. Neighbourhood fast food outlets and obesity in children and adults: the CLAN Study.
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Proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools and adolescent obesity. Federal Trade Commission. Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self-Regulation. A Report to Congress PDF. Accessed February 12, Institute of Medicine. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity.
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United Nations Human Rights Council, 19th Session. Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter. December 11, Dietz WH, Does hunger cause obesity? For pregnant women, having a restaurant within 0. Unlike for children, the effects are still discernable at 0.
The effects are largest for African American mothers and mothers with a high school education or less. For pregnant women, the estimated increase in calories needed to generate this effect is much smaller, only additional calories per day.
The authors conduct several other interesting analyses. First, they explore the effect of other types of restaurants and find that only fast food restaurants affect obesity. Second, they ask whether the future presence of a fast-food restaurant is associated with greater obesity today.
If that were the case, it would suggest that fast food restaurants locate in areas where obesity is trending up, providing an alternative explanation for the paper's findings.
However, the authors find that only current fast food locations matter. Overall, the study suggests that proximity to fast food significantly increases the risk of obesity.
One possible explanation is that proximity to fast food reduces the costs of fast food, principally travel costs. A second explanation is that easier access to fast food tempts consumers who have self-control problems.
The fact that the effects are larger for teens and fall off more quickly with distance suggests that travel costs are more important for teens than for pregnant women. The policy implications of these findings are potentially important. As the authors conclude, "policies restricting access to fast food near schools could have significant effects on obesity among school children, but similar policies restricting the availability of fast food in residential areas are unlikely to have large effects on adults.
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Home Research. Share X LinkedIn Email. Do Fast Food Restaurants Contribute to Obesity? Summary of working paper
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