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I took Chinese herbs EVERY DAY for 1 year. Here's what happened.Citrus aurantium traditional medicine -
Bitter orange and its extracts are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation. In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy 3.
Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1.
Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA , list synephrine as a stimulant. Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges.
Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance.
Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications. Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 , One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3.
In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1. Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat.
Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen. These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery. You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma.
Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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Hemodynamic effects of synephrine treatment in portal hypertensive rats. Jpn J Pharmacol ;— HofstetterR, Kreuder J, von Bernuth G. The effect of oxedrine on the left ventricle and peripheral vascular resistance. Arzneimittelforschung ; — Penzak SR, Jann MW, Cold A, Hon YY, Desai HD, Gurley BJ.
Seville sour orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults. J Clin Pharmacol ;— Colker CM, Kaiman DS, Torina GC, Perlis T, Street C.
Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. Curr Ther Res ;— Kaddu S, Kerl H, Wolf P. Accidental bullous phototoxic reactions to bergamot aromatherapy oil. J Am Acad Dermatol ;45 3 — Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BA, Tenekjian KK, Kurban AK. Berloque dermatitis — a continuing cosmetic problem.
Contact Dermatitis ;7 2 : — Chew A, Maibach H. Berloque Dermatitison. eMedicine Makki S, Treffel P, Humbert P, Agache P. High-performance liquid Chromatographic determination of citropten and bergapten in suction blister fluid after solar product application in humans.
J Chromatogr ;— Clark SM, Wilkinson SM. Phototoxic contact dermatitis from 5-methoxypsoralen in aromatherapy oil. Contact Dermatitis ;— Levine N, Don S, Owens C, Rogers DT, Kligman AM, Forlot P. The effects of bergapten and sunlight on cutaneous pigmentation. Arch Dermatol ;— Ashwood-Smith MJ, Poulton GA, Barker M, Mildenberger M.
Nature ;— Nykamp DL, Fackih MN, Compton AL. Possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement. Ann Pharmacother ;— Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C. Adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extract Citrus aurantium. Phytomedicine ;12 3 — Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K.
Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions. Can Adverse React Newsl ; 14 4 :3—4. Date accessed: November 28, Malhotra S, Bailey DG, Paine MF, Watkins PB.
Seville orange juice-felodipine interaction: comparison with dilute grapefruit juice and involvement of furocoumarins. Clin Pharmacol Ther ;— Di Marco MP, Edwards DJ, Wainer IW, Ducharme MP. The effect of grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan: the role of gut CYP3A4 and p-glycoprotein.
Life Sci ;l — Malhotra S, Fitzsimmons ME, Bailey DG, Watkins PB. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists abstract , New Orleans, LA, November Hou YC, Hsiu SL, Tsao CW, Wang YH, Chao PD.
Acute intoxication of cyclosporine caused by coadministration of decoctions of the fruits of Citrus aurantium and the Pericaps of Citrus grandis.
Planta Med ;66 7 — Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG, et al. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto.
Clin Pharmacol Ther ;76 5 — Keogh AM, Baron DW. Sympathomimetic abuse and coronary artery spasm. Br Med J ; Suzuki O, Matsumoto T, Oya M, Katsumata Y. Oxidation of synephrine by type A and type B monoamine oxidase.
Experientia ;— Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. SafetyCall International, PLLC, Clinical Services, Bloomington, MN.
Reprints and permissions. Westanmo, A. Citrus aurantium. In: Tracy, T. eds Herbal Products. Forensic Science and Medicine. Humana Press. Publisher Name : Humana Press. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences R0.
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Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Key Words Citrus aurantium bitter orange synephrine ephedra substitute weight loss adrenergic amines. Buying options Chapter EUR It has the function of promoting blood circulation and is used in TCM clinical treatment.
Its main chemical constituents of CACH are phenols, terpenoids, sugars, coumarins, and limonins, among which the contents of terpenoids and phenols are higher.
As a fructus aurantii of Chinese herbals, CACH shows a variety of significant pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and hypolycemic activities, which provide a certain pharmacological basis for its clinical application.
Although this review summarizes the research progress mentioned above, there are still many scientific problems that need to be explored together. First of all, there is still much room for improvement of CACH identification standard.
Due to the particularity of Chinese herbals and the difference of cultivation technologies, the different origins and cultivation sites of CACH may lead to great differences in the types and contents of components.
At the same time, different chemical components and contents often lead to differences in pharmacological activities evaluation results. These conditions generally result in the low reproducibility of studies, so the reference significance of many studies is limited.
The bioactive components of TCM materials usually exist in the form of mixtures. There are many related studies on the detection of biologically bioactive components from CACH, and more than one hundred kinds of ingredients have been identified. But almost all relevant studies on pharmacological activity verification focused on some components, such as flavonoids extracted from CACH peel, while there are few studies on other bioactive components of CACH, such as limonins, organic acids and other phenols.
The bioactive components and pharmacological mechanisms of CACH are still not clear and comprehensive. It is more common that researchers focus too much on the results. A lot of studies neglected to dig deeper into the action mechanism of the active substances from CACH in preventing and treating diseases.
In addition, it was found that some studies lacked positive drug groups or sham operation groups. These studies were built on an unscientific and unreliable foundational framework, which led to unreliable results. In the future, the main development direction in medicinal research of CACH is to construct the activity screening models based on the pharmacological action, discover new bioactive components and explore its pharmacological action mechanism.
First, in terms of variety identification, this field urgently needs more scientific researchers to participate in the formulation of the sources and variety identification standards of CACH, so as to provide scientific basis and premise guarantee for the follow-up work.
Second, in terms of new activity screening models, the emerging organoid printing technologies are still a blank in the field of the pharmacological effects and the screening of active molecules. The application of advanced and mature technologies in the field of CACH will make academic research more accord with the objective needs of clinical application, such as digital light processing of 3D printing technology.
At the same time, it will also provide a more scientific basis for the discovery of precursor substances for clinical drug development. Third, although there are many traditional uses of CACH and its effects in the treatment of lung and bronchial diseases has been verified in mouse models, the current research results still lack the support from scientific clinical data.
It is not enough to clarify these uses from the perspective of modern medicine. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain its toxicology and pharmacokinetics data, so as to provide a safe basis for clinical research and product development of CACH.
In conclusion, the review summarized the basic background, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, development bottleneck and future direction of CACH. The purpose is to make people have a more comprehensive understanding of CACH, in order to promote the comprehensive utilization of CACH agricultural products, and provide basis for the further development of new drugs and the application of health products.
J-PJ conceived the study and acquired the funding; LG wrote the manuscript and revised the manuscript; HZ and C-HY improved manuscript design and analysis methods; L-HZ, ZX, J-FS, and H-GW contributed to the revision and language editing of this manuscript.
All authors agreed the submission of this manuscript, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of this work. We appreciate the great support from the institute of Chinese materia medica, Zhejiang University of Technology and The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer YW declared a shared parent affiliation with the authors LG, C-HY, L-HZ, ZX, and J-PJ to the handling editor at the time of review.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Bitter Orange zhi shi, 枳实 Cirtus, also known Natural antioxidant blend Immature Orange FruitCitrus TraditiinalSeville Orange or Sour Citrus aurantium traditional medicineis airantium sour citrus fruit that is a meedicine main ingredient in Orange Marmalade. Mfdicine to Cotrus Africa, Citrus aurantium traditional medicine Arabian Peninsula, Citrys, Citrus aurantium traditional medicine Citrue Asia, Bitter Orange is one of the most tart and pungent citrus fruits in the world. During the Middle Ages, Bitter Orange became a favourite in the Middle East and was highly respected by Arabian physicians. During the 16th Century, it was said that an Italian princess named Anna-Marie de Nerola extracted oil from the flowers of this plant to scent her gloves. Till today, this floral oil is still used in perfumes and essential oils. An invaluable therapeutic herb, Bitter Orange is also applauded for its medicinal usages, which are commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM. Such herbs typically treated Qi Stagnation. Bitter orange Citrus aurantiumalso known as sour orange and Seville orange, is a trasitional fruit with a multitude Antioxidant supplements for immune system boost uses. This medcine covers all Citrus aurantium traditional medicine need to know about bitter orange, Cirus its role in weight loss and skin health, as well as its overall safety as a supplement. The bitter orange plant thrives in subtropical regions but can withstand adverse environmental conditions like frost for short periods 2. Oval or oblong in shape, the fruit is red-orange when ripe and has a distinctively thick, dimpled skin. There are 23 cultivars of the fruit, the most prominent of which is Bergamot.
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