Citrus bioflavonoids for cardiovascular health -
Genetic studies show drinking orange juice mL per day for four weeks affects the expression of 3, genes, including a large number of genes that play a role in inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Participants in a clinical trial who drank mL of red orange juice every day experienced significant improvements in the function of their vascular endothelial cells and levels of inflammation in the blood vessel walls. A day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that included obese participants with an atherogenic index of plasma AIP of over 0.
The citrus bioflavonoid complex included neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin, melitidin, bruteridin, and other bioflavonoids. The AIP is an objective measurement of the unfavorable blood lipid profile that increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis. AIP values above 0. Overall, the beneficial effects of the citrus bioflavonoid complex caused a powerful reduction in the AIP in the group that received the high dose of the bioflavonoids.
The robust dose of the citrus bioflavonoid complex reduced the AIP to less than 0. Hypertension is elevated blood pressure. It is the 1 contributing factor to all-cause global mortality and affects nearly 1.
Hypertension is the primary risk factor for ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and coronary artery disease. Moreover, hypertension increases the risk of developing renal failure, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and many other medical conditions.
Normal blood pressure is necessary for the healthy activity of the cardiovascular system and optimal blood flow. Citrus fruit flavonoids act as vessel relaxants and help maintain optimal vasculature tone. An animal study showed that taking hesperidin for eight weeks significantly reduced blood pressure, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and other cardiac and vascular abnormalities.
A double-blind, cross-over study conducted at the Metabolic Unit at Kaplan Medical Center in Rehovot, Israel assessed the effects of sweetie fruit juice on subjects with stage I hypertension. Sweetie fruit is a hybrid between grapefruit and pummelo with a very high content of flavonoids, including naringin and narirutin.
Participants alternately received high-flavonoid HF sweetie juice and low-flavonoid LF sweetie juice for five weeks. The HF juice reduced both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure DBP , and the LF juice reduced the systolic blood pressure SBP in participants. A randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that included hypertensive participants looked at the effects of a placebo, orange juice OJ , or hesperidin-enriched orange juice EOJ on blood pressure and pulse pressure PP , which is a measurement of arterial stiffness.
The participants were divided into three groups that consumed mL of juice daily for twelve weeks. Overall, the results illuminate a dose-dependent decrease in SBP and PP after sustained consumption of hesperidin.
Chronic consumption of the EOJ also enhanced the acute postprandial decreases in SBP, DBP, and PP. Another clinical study that included patients with type 2 diabetes confirmed that consumption of mg of hesperidin per day over six weeks led to decreases in SBP and DBP.
Strokes are the fourth leading cause of death and the number one cause of long-term disability in the United States. Stroke is also a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and alcohol intake are factors that increase the risk of stroke.
Strokes can be either hemorrhagic or ischemic. Platelets, which are also known as thrombocytes, play a crucial role in healthy blood clotting.
However, excessive activation of platelets can contribute to several disorders, including high blood pressure and strokes. Platelet dysfunction is associated with the formation of blood clots and cardiovascular disease in general.
According to research, flavonoids reduce cell adhesion and improve the function of the vascular endothelium, which is the lining of the blood vessels. Epidemiological reports show the higher the consumption of citrus flavonoids, the lower the platelet activity. Therefore, citrus flavonoids can play a protective role against cardiovascular disease via their effect on platelets.
Since flavonoids inhibit platelet function, they could be valuable anti-clotting agents to prevent ischemic stroke. A large study with over 10, participants demonstrated an inverse association between daily citrus fruit intake and cardiovascular disease, specifically ischemic stroke. An inverse association means the more citrus fruits consumed, the lower the risk of stroke.
Hyperlipidemia is characterized by elevated or imbalanced lipid levels in the body. The lipids fats include total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins, chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein VLDL , low-density lipoprotein LDL , apolipoproteins, and high-density lipoprotein HDL.
Those with hyperlipidemia have approximately twice the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to those with normal cholesterol levels. A diet high in saturated or trans fats, physical inactivity, obesity, and smoking can increase the risk of developing hyperlipidemia.
Several health conditions directly cause hyperlipidemia, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. After four weeks of treatment, the participants experienced significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels. But did you know that citrus fruits have much more to offer than vitamin C?
Citrus flavonoids are an important group of antioxidants in citrus fruits. This article explores the beneficial effects of citrus flavonoids on health, specifically their role in preserving cardiovascular and metabolic health.
Flavonoids are a highly effective compound you can find in various vegetables and fruits. A group of critical secondary metabolites, flavonoids, can be found in a variety of plants.
Researchers have isolated as many as different chemicals that are related to flavonoids. Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant properties.
Studies suggest that flavonoids participate in significant ways in certain physiological processes. Flavonoids also display a diverse array of potentially beneficial pharmaceutical properties for human health, including anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities, as well as an inhibitory effect on blood clot formation.
Dietary intake is still considered the primary source of flavonoids for human beings, and flavonoids can be found in most fruits, vegetables, and grains. Citrus fruits include a variety of potentially bioactive compounds in their peels, pulp, seeds, and juice. Flavonoids extracted from citrus fruits have been the subject of research for years.
Citrus flavonoids found in citrus fruits come with several health benefits. Common citrus flavonoids include Hesperidin, Naringin, Narirutin, Didymin, Eriocitrin, Diosmin, Diosmetin, Naringenin, Neohesperidin, Nobiletin, Tangeretin, Rutin, and Eriodictyol.
Research shows the role they play in promoting cardiovascular health , metabolism, healthy aging, and insulin sensitivity. Being powerful antioxidants, they prevent free radicals from wreaking havoc in the body, thereby positively impacting various aspects of health.
When oxygen levels are too high or too low, cells will react and produce reactive oxygen species ROS , which are known for being carcinogenic.
conducted a systematic review in to evaluate the effects of hesperidin consumption on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in animal studies and human randomized clinical trials.
Body weight, BMI, body fat, SBP, DBP, glucose level, insulin, TC, LDL, HDL, and TG were evaluated in human studies, but no significant changes were found in any of them In addition, another systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Mohammadi et al.
in revealed that hesperidin supplementation had no effects on SBP or DBP We found that hesperidin can decrease SBP, however, it does not affect DBP. Controversial results regarding the effect of hesperidin on blood pressure could be due to different studies and the participants with different health statuses that were included in the different systematic reviews.
Subgroup analysis showed that hesperidin supplementation is more effective in reducing SBP when the duration of the intervention is shorter than six weeks or when participants are overweight BMI— Although it is not clear why a shorter intervention duration is more effective in reducing SBP, it could be due to the compensating mechanisms that activate in the long term and reduce the effect of hesperidin.
Furthermore, different hesperidin metabolites, which have various extents of hypertensive effects, should be considered when interpreting research results Mechanistic evidence of the effect of hesperidin on CVD risk factors has been investigated extensively in animal models but to less extent in human subjects; however, its mechanism of action is not entirely discovered.
Hesperidin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities and also affects lipid and glucose metabolism. Understanding the effects of hesperidin and its mechanism of action is of great importance for using this substance as a treatment for various diseases.
The anti-hyperglycemic effect of hesperidin has been investigated in mice. Hesperidin exerts its effects on FBG by modulating the activity of key enzymes in glucose metabolism.
Hesperidin maintains glucose metabolism by regulating PPAR-c, a nuclear transcription factor Hesperidin is a key enzyme of glucose catabolism and induces glucokinase expression, which is involved in sensing glucose levels in the body.
Hesperidin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by decreasing the level of glucosephosphatase 89 and has been shown to have antidiabetic effects in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Hesperidin exerts its effects by stimulating insulin secretion, stimulating glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, activating gluconeogenesis, and inhibiting glycogenolysis Although the hesperidin effect on glucose metabolism in mice has been investigated extensively, its effects in humans are not as clear as in mice.
Some studies have been conducted to explain the mechanism by which hesperidin reduces blood pressure. The blood pressure-lowering effect of hesperidin could be due to its role in inducing the production of nitric oxide NO by vascular endothelium and inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH oxidase activity.
NO causes vasodilation and hence lowers blood pressure by relaxing smooth muscles in blood vessels Flavonoid-rich food inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme, hence reducing the angiotensin 2 level, which is the active form of angiotensin with vasoconstrictor activity.
Hesperidin as a flavonoid may also lower blood pressure through this mechanism Hesperidin has been shown to inhibit inflammatory responses. Our results align with two in vitro studies that showed that hesperidin inhibits mast cell inflammatory responses and inflammatory cytokine secretion and decreases TNF-α activity 92 , Hesperidin inhibits NF-κB, and since NF-κB induces the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including TNF-α , this can explain the anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin Hesperidin inhibits NF-κB activation and IL-6 production by increasing adiponectin.
Adiponectin induces PPAR-γ activation, which inhibits NF-κB activation and IL-6 production Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin have been reported in mice Although several studies have demonstrated the hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory activities of hesperidin in animal models and human cell lines, further clinical trials and mechanistic studies are needed to validate the therapeutic effects of hesperidin in humans.
This meta-analysis has some limitations and strengths that should be addressed. Participants in different studies had varying degrees of health statuses, different mean ages, and different BMIs, which affected the heterogeneity of the data. Different study designs could lead to heterogeneity in results and should be considered seriously.
Heterogeneity in the included population, hesperidin dosage, and intervention duration was seen in studies. Hesperidin can be found in consumed food and beverages, but its bioavailability is affected by the food matrix in which it is consumed, so controlling the diet of participants is of great importance.
However, not all studies vigorously monitored dietary intake Interindividual varieties, for instance, microbiome variation in different participants could also have affected the bioavailability of hesperidin Since studies had not measured the bioavailability of this compound, the association between cardiovascular risk factors and the exact concentration of hesperidin in the blood could not be evaluated.
Different laboratory kits were used to measure CVD biomarkers in different studies. Intra-assay and inter-assay variation could affect the results and lead to bias in the interpretation of the results. Side effects were not found due to hesperidin supplementation in most studies.
This could interfere with interpreting the results relating to TG, HDL, weight, and TNF-α. Due to all these limitations, more large-scale and rigorously controlled clinical trials are needed before hesperidin can be used as a human therapeutic.
This is a comprehensive systematic review that included all RCTs, and no limitations were set in terms of date. We involved many CVD risk biomarkers to have a comprehensive systematic review regarding the effect of hesperidin on CVD risk factors. As the studies in this meta-analysis were included based on the inclusion criteria, we were able to perform subgroup analyses.
The standardized methodology used in this systematic review and meta-analysis is one of its important strengths. Since heterogeneity was apparent among studies, we tried to understand the true effect of hesperidin by reducing heterogeneity using subgroup analysis.
We used different statistical methods to assess the effect of hesperidin on CVD risk factors. The studies included in this meta-analysis were from five different countries, including European and Asian countries, which increases the generalizability of results.
This meta-analysis indicated that hesperidin supplementation had a lowering effect on TG, TC, and LDL serum levels, and it also lowered TNF-α and blood pressure. However, further well-designed RCTs and mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the effect of hesperidin on CVD risk factors, specially FBG, insulin resistance, blood pressure, HDL, and inflammatory markers.
AK designed the study. AK and OA developed the search strategy, extracted the data, conducted the analyses, and assessed the risk of bias of the meta-analyses.
NR, SF, and FG drafted the manuscript. FS, OA, and AK interpreted the results. FS, SK, and OA revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Healh Citrus bioflavonoids for cardiovascular health needs complete nourishment gor function well. Nutrition in the form cardiovazcular vitamins, minerals, fiber, calcium, protein, and much Citrus bioflavonoids for cardiovascular health bioflavojoids vital for Body shape makeover body to stay healthy. Many of these nutrients are found to be naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits, for instance, are well-known for being a rich source of vitamin C. Another great way to boost your intake is by consuming a vitamin C supplement. But did you know that citrus fruits have much more to offer than vitamin C? Citrusbelonging to the bioflavonoics of Rutaceae is Citrhs genus of the flowering plants bioflavonoifs Citrus bioflavonoids for cardiovascular health. They originated in the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia. Citrus bioflavonoids for cardiovascular health fruits are highly produced in Living with Diabetes complications, Brazil, USA, India, Mexico, and Spain. Among Citrus species, sweet oranges Citrus sinensis are the most widely spread and valued throughout the world. Citrus fruits are rich in flavonoids, mainly hesperidin and naringin that are known to have benefit in the avoidance of long-term diseases. Based on the in vivo and epidemiological studies done previously, the potential biological properties of Citrus flavonoids in Citrus fruits are beneficial for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases CVDs by acting as antihypertensive, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and antidiabetic.
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