Antioxidants and gut health -
The formula for Cohen's kappa is calculated as follows:. where po: Relative observed agreement among raters, pe: Hypothetical probability of chance agreement. If the trial included standard errors SE , the SE was converted to SD by multiplying the SE by the square root of the sample size.
The standardized mean difference SMD was calculated using Hedges' adjusted g. The Forest plots were created to display the SMDs and CIs, which represent each study's observed effect, confidence interval, and weight Statistical tests for heterogeneity I 2 , Chi 2 , and Tau 2 were used to assess the consistency of the study's results.
The treatment groups receiving low and high doses of anthocyanin were chosen for dose comparison through meta-analysis. In studies with more than two anthocyanin treatments or anthocyanin-rich food interventions, each treatment group was compared to the control group Subgroup analyses were performed to identify potential contributory variables equal to and more than ten weeks , dose higher and lower doses as per respective studies , an animal model type High fat diet-induced obesity, diabetes, and other diseases.
For SCFA analysis, studies were classified similarly into subgroups based on the duration less than four weeks vs. equal to and more than 4 weeks , dose, and animal model type. The RevMan 5. GRADEprofiler GRADEpro tool was used for the analysis of data quality. For systematic reviews and recommendations in healthcare, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation GRADE provides a transparent and structured approach for creating and presenting evidence summaries, including the quality of that evidence Using GRADE, we classified the quality of our meta-analysis results into two categories: higher and lower.
Begg's and Egger's regression asymmetry tests were used for estimating publication bias in various forms, such as time-lag bias caused by delayed publication , duplicate or multiple publications, outcome reporting bias only reporting good results , and language bias. Egger test used linear regression to test asymmetry with numbers by examining the relationship between the standardized effect estimates and the standard error Begg's test assessed the significance of the correlation between the ranks of the effect estimates and the ranks of their variances The publications were downloaded in the Medline file format.
After selection, visualization of the thematic contiguity of the articles was carried out using the Vos Viewer tool, which enabled the network charts. The network visualization consists of multiple-colored bubbles.
Moreover, the number of links between two bubbles depicted the level of interaction between the items under consideration. Detailed information on the search strategy and the process followed for the meta-analysis has been displayed in the PRISMA flowchart Fig.
We identified articles using various search engines through a literature survey. Of these articles, were review articles, and were research articles. From the total research articles selected for the study, were duplicates and therefore removed.
Afterward, article abstracts and the full text of articles were read thoroughly and checked to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria.
Thirty-four studies met the eligibility criteria. Figure 1 shows the flow and data extraction of the current study. To pass the test, you should aim for a kappa score of 0.
Near-perfect agreement in the selection and filtering of studies was observed, with values over 0. Of the total studies, 14 investigated the impact of the intervention of anthocyanins from various berry fruits. The remaining studies included interventions from other sources like cereals and pulses Table 1.
Seventeen studies were conducted on males, one was conducted on female mice models, and two were performed on male rats. Study characteristics examining the effect of anthocyanins on SCFA profile acetic, propionic, and butyric acid were mentioned in Table 2. Ten studies were conducted on male mice, one on female mice, and three on male rats.
Twelve studies that looked at the effect of the anthocyanins-rich diet intervention on the concentration of SCFAs in the cecal matter of the different subjects looked at the effect of berries, and one study each looked at the effect of black rice and purple sweet potatoes.
The meta-analysis result also obtained sufficient heterogeneity, as indicated by I 2 values. Regarding the contribution of individual studies, some showed non-significant results, and others had a relatively higher influence on overall value than others.
Four studies, including Diez-Echave et al. Heterogeneity was quantified by I 2 , inverse variance and standardised mean difference [SMD].
Similar meta-analyses, i. Forest plots in Supplemental Figs. The meta-analyses results indicated that intervention duration of the more extended period, i. There was no effect of the type of study model. Finalized data quality was evaluated by Grade Tool Supplemental Fig.
Forest plot of studies investigating the effect of anthocyanin supplementation on the SCFA profile, sub-grouped by short chain fatty acid type. Pooled effect estimates are shown by diamonds after removing highly influencing studies.
The meta-analyses showed a significant effect of the anthocyanin-rich diet intervention on acetic, propionic, and butanoic acid concentration Table 4 , Fig. Of the three SCFAs, the highest impact was observed on the acetic acid SMD High heterogeneity was obtained, as indicated by I 2 values.
Each short-chain fatty acid was sub-grouped based on intervention duration, anthocyanin dose, and model type. Table 5 and Supplemental Figs.
The intervention of anthocyanin at a higher dose imparted a remarkable impact on acetic acid SMD: 2. We have found a higher rise in the butanoic acid concentration for a more extended period of study duration SMD: 1. Also, the butanoic acid concentration was significantly higher in the subjects taking a higher dose of anthocyanins SMD: 3.
The study subjects showed a remarkable rise in butanoic acid concentration in the high-fat diet-induced obesity model SMD: 3. A remarkable rise in propionic acid was observed in the studies followed for a longer period i. The study subjects showed a significant rise in propionic acid when a higher dose was supplemented SMD: 4.
The propionic acid levels were significantly increased in the subjects with high-fat diet-induced obesity SMD: 4. The data quality of the SCFA meta-analysis was also evaluated by Grade Tool Supplemental Fig. The funnel plot for Figure S1 shows no evidence of publication bias. To depict the active collaborations in anthocyanin, gut microbiota, and SCFA research, we tried to detect the network level among the authors Supplemental Fig.
We selected authors with minimum criteria of 10 articles in the chosen field and observed 14 clusters represented in the author network.
Out of 46, authors, fulfilled the minimum criteria. Supplemental Fig. It indicates that Chen, and Zhang, are the leading researcher in anthocyanin, gut microbiota, and SCFA-related studies, with 37 and 35 articles.
Most research work relevant to anthocyanin and gut studies has been carried out recently, i. We also attempted to track the institution and department collaborations through visualization analysis Supplemental Fig. Out of 21, organizations, only 16 met the threshold criteria, i.
These constituted 5 clusters Supplemental Fig. This analysis shows that the microbiology laboratory at Wageningen University in the Netherlands published the most articles 18 , followed by the State key laboratory of animal nutrition at China Agricultural University in Beijing, which published 17 papers.
Both are among the top institutions working on anthocyanin and gut microbiota Supplemental Fig. On the other hand, when we performed the independent analysis of the same organizations, out of 21, fulfilled the criteria. The results reveal the same observations, even with no linkages Supplemental Fig.
On visualizing the year-wise work of organizations, it depicted that most of the collaborative studies were carried out in the — year by top working institutes, and independent research was carried out in recent years Supplemental Fig.
Edible parts of plants carry several health promoting compounds like, proteins, minerals, vitamins and coloured anthocyanins 70 , 71 , Numerous studies have discovered the health-promoting properties of anthocyanin-rich foods. Anthocyanins have anti-obesity properties, as they help to maintain energy balance and satiety while inhibiting the accumulation of body fat and the development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and inflammation 73 , A diet of anthocyanin-rich fruits and vegetables substantially influences the gut flora 13 , After being consumed, anthocyanins have limited bioavailability in the body due to their resistance to complete absorption.
Five percent to ten percent of total polyphenol consumption is absorbed in the small intestine. More importantly, most dietary anthocyanins arrive intact in the colon, where they may interact with the microbiota and undergo biotransformation before being absorbed via the intestinal mucosa This finding was supported by studies carried out after cut off time limit of this studies 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , Several studies have shown that obesity is associated with the gut microbiome, which differs between obese and lean animals.
The impact was more pronounced when the anthocyanin-rich diet was followed for a more extended period and at larger dosages. Our data analysis from rodent models will also help future investigators with the utility of rodent research in understanding the effect of anthocyanins on human models and planning such clinical trials.
Gut health biomarker SCFAs also have significant relevance in human gut microbiota composition. The healthy gut microbiota metabolizes indigestible dietary components to SCFAs 82 , The present meta-analysis of laboratory studies on rodents found that anthocyanin-rich diet interventions efficiently improved the gut's SCFAs, including acetic, propionic, and butyric acid profiles.
Here also, the longer duration of the anthocyanin-rich diet intervention was more efficient in enhancing the levels of all three main SCFAs.
Similarly, the higher dosage of the anthocyanin-rich food intervention was more effective. Aside from that, anthocyanins had more significant impacts on the concentrations of all SCFAs in high-fat diet-induced obesity models than in other disease models.
During meta-analysis, it was observed that a few studies with wider cumulative interval values had more influence on the overall results than a large number of normal studies. Therefore, additional analysis was carried out after removing such studies.
Thus, all the analyses were carried out without such studies, and we recommend the same. This improved the outcomes of the meta-analysis. We also noticed substantial methodological and experimental variances in the research.
Animal care procedures, oral dosing, and water purification protocols are some examples of unbiased observed variables that must be recorded. Since these factors significantly affect therapy outcomes 9. Publication bias is an important parameter in meta-analysis. It includes time lag, duplication, outcome reporting, linguistics, etc.
Many electronic databases are examined to eliminate the likelihood of publication bias. To eliminate data supply bias, we employ individual searches and extractions. Participant differences, as well as the intervention's intensity and duration, all contributed to variability.
The individuals' health, other therapies they were receiving simultaneously, supplement doses and contents, follow-up durations, treatment modalities, and so on all differed significantly among the trials. These variations may have had a significant role in the funnel plot's original asymmetry.
The appearance of an asymmetrical funnel plot is purely coincidental 84 , The Trim-Fill correction method made minor changes to all studies, and associated funnel plots revealed a symmetrical distribution of SE and SMD with p -values greater than 0.
The funnel plot indicated that the studies chosen for our research are not biased. It has also been observed that the discrepancy displayed by the GRADE tool is significant only when it affects confidence in the results concerning a specific decision. Even if the inconsistency is significant, it may still maintain confidence in the conclusion of a particular decision The variability is significant, but the disparities between small and large treatment effects could be the source of the substantial heterogeneity.
Bibliographic coupling analysis of leading researchers and institutes indicated that most research work relevant to anthocyanin and gut studies had recently been carried out in animal models, i. It is envisaged that several such human studies will be published in the near future to validate that current finding.
However, some important qualifiers to this study should be mentioned. As a limitation, PROSPERO, a central international database platform that helps to eliminate data duplication and reduces the chance for reporting bias by permitting comparison of the finished review with what was planned in the protocol, was not notified that this study was being conducted.
Furthermore, the substantial amount of missing data for published studies and the exclusion of studies with incomplete data diminish the statistical power of our meta-analysis. The data we used can be found in the references listed and also given in the attached supplementary files.
All the figures represented in this manuscript have been produced by authors itself. Gutiérrez-Del-Río, I. et al. Terpenoids and polyphenols as natural antioxidant agents in food preservation. Article CAS Google Scholar. Vauzour, D. Polyphenols and human health: Prevention of disease and mechanisms of action.
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Food Sci. Li, D. Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Naseri, R. Anthocyanins in the management of metabolic syndrome: A pharmacological and biopharmaceutical review.
Front Pharmacol. Jayarathne, S. Protective effects of anthocyanins in obesity-associated inflammation and changes in gut microbiome.
Food Res. Bisanz, J. Meta-analysis reveals reproducible gut microbiome alterations in response to a high-fat diet. Cell Host Microbe 26 2 , — Jandhyala, S. Role of the normal gut microbiota.
World J. Bibbò, S. The role of diet on gut microbiota composition. Google Scholar. Anhê, F. A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp.
population in the gut microbiota of mice. Gut 64 , — Jamar, G. Contribution of anthocyanin-rich foods in obesity control through gut microbiota interactions.
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The role of the microbiome in human health and disease: An introduction for clinicians. BMJ , j j Armougom, F. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in lactobacillus in obese patients and methanogens in anorexic patients.
PLoS ONE 4 9 , e Article ADS CAS Google Scholar. Ley, R. Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature , — Ghosh, S.
Enterobacter hormaechei bac from the gut of flathead grey mullet as probable aquaculture probiont. Chambers, E. Role of gut microbiota-generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health. Hamer, H. Learn all about alcohol - includes standard drink size, health risks and effects, how to keep track of your drinking, binge drinking, how long it takes to leave the body, tips to lower intake.
A common misconception is that anorexia nervosa only affects young women, but it affects all genders of all ages. Antipsychotic medications work by altering brain chemistry to help reduce psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, delusions and disordered thinking. No special diet or 'miracle food' can cure arthritis, but some conditions may be helped by avoiding or including certain foods.
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Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. About oxidation Antioxidants and free radicals The effect of free radicals Disease-fighting antioxidants Sources of antioxidants Vitamin supplements and antioxidants Dietary recommendations for antioxidants Where to get help.
About oxidation The process of oxidation in the human body damages cell membranes and other structures, including cellular proteins, lipids and DNA. Antioxidants and free radicals Antioxidants are found in certain foods and may prevent some of the damage caused by free radicals by neutralising them.
Disease-fighting antioxidants A diet high in antioxidants may reduce the risk of many diseases including heart disease and certain cancers.
Sources of antioxidants Plant foods are rich sources of antioxidants. Also derived from the plants that animals eat.
Vitamin supplements and antioxidants There is increasing evidence that antioxidants are more effective when obtained from whole foods, rather than isolated from a food and presented in tablet form. Dietary recommendations for antioxidants Research is divided over whether antioxidant supplements offer the same health benefits as antioxidants in foods.
These are natural food sources of the antioxidants used in the studies above, but a diet generally rich in fruits and vegetables will also supply a whole variety of antioxidants and prebiotic fibers, conveniently packaged together.
It also seems from the studies we have that you can get those benefits from antioxidant-rich whole foods, like tea and berries. Pomegranate green tea , anyone? Your email address will not be published.
menu icon. Facebook Instagram Pinterest Twitter YouTube. search icon. Antioxidants and the Gut Lining One way that antioxidants can be beneficial to the gut is through protecting the lining of the gut. Antioxidants and the Gut Flora The gut flora, aka the gut microbiome, gut biome, or gut microbiota, refers to the collection of friendly bacteria that live in your gut.
This review goes over the evidence that dietary polyphenols one specific type of antioxidant, found mostly in plants have beneficial effects on the gut flora: Polyphenol antioxidants can encourage helpful bacteria to grow. Polyphenol antioxidants can also discourage dangerous bacteria.
Unfortunately, your gut also plays host to bacteria that can be dangerous. Antioxidants as One Part of a Gut-Health Diet Another interesting way to explore antioxidants is to look at how they can fit into an overall gut-healing program.
If you want to know more about probiotics or the gut in general, visit the gut portal!
Editorial Antioxisants the Research Topic The Gastrointestinal Atioxidants and Health Effects of Dietary Antioxidants. Anx mammal cells possess a well-orchestrated redox system tightly Ribose and enzyme activity with other metabolic processes. Many qnd intermediaries are Onion cooking classes fabricated or destroyed based Leafy green smoothies their oxidation Antioxidanfs and the Anfioxidants and Antioxidants and gut health of intracellular Ribose and enzyme activity radicals regulate the expression of multiple proteins, affecting cell metabolism and survival in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, antioxidant nutrients e. As soon as these phytochemicals or its metabolites enter systemic circulation, they are subject to first and second-pass hepatic metabolism, before reaching target cells including hepatocytes to exert their bioactivity. It is noteworthy that much of the accumulated knowledge on the metabolomic fate of dietary antioxidants comes from well-executed metabolomic platforms that combine high-trough output analytical methods and bioinformatic tools, setting a new way of evaluating the pharmacodynamical action of dietary antioxidants 45. You are halth us to Antioxidantw your Antioxiidants card Antioxidants and gut health 6 months guf, Antioxidants and gut health the package you have selected. Enjoy a FULL YEAR to try Gut Antioxidants and experience the Nutrient-packed meals for athletes for yourself. Holly Lucille, ND is not endorsed by, sponsored by, or affiliated with any of these organizations. Do you fight a constant battle with annoying and embarrassing skin breakouts? Do you suffer from plummeting energy levels? How about intestinal discomfort, puffy face, and limbs, or stubborn diet-resistant weight gain? Free radicals and harmful bacteria wage a never-ending battle for control of your gut microbiome.
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