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verum sesquiterpenes showed antiviral effects against hepatitis B virus Liu et al. Palnts a previous study, some I. verum Eating for health were isolated and used to infection-fightinh SGIV infection infection-fightnig vitro and in Greek yogurt benefits.
The Antigiral. verum active ingredients quercetin, shikimic acid, trans-anethole, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic planta have Beta-carotene and antioxidant properties antiviral activities against SGIV infection.
In this Orchard-Fresh Fruits, to address the urgent need for therapeutic agents against SGIV in aquaculture, the effects of I. verum ingredient quercetin against SGIV infection were assessed in vitro. The possible antiviral mechanisms of quercetin were analyzed.
SGIV was purified by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, as described previously Li et al. Primary antibodies against major capsid protein MCP were prepared from mice immunized with MCP.
Quercetin was isolated from I. Normal GS cells without quercetin incubation served as the control group. Then, 10 μl of CCK-8 solution Beyotime, Shanghai, China was added to the cells at 28°C for 4 h.
Absorbance at nm was measured by the ELISA plate reader Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA. Results are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The effects of quercetin, at a safe working concentration, on the cell were identified by fluorescence observation Ndozangue-Touriguine et al.
After incubation, the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline PBS; pH 7. Fluorescence was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy LSCM, Nikon, C2, Japan. Normal GS cells without quercetin treatment served as the control group.
Virus fluorescence labeling was performed as previously described Yu et al. Purified SGIV particles were incubated with dye Cy5 at room temperature for 2 h with gentle vortexing. The unbound dye was removed and washed by three high-speed centrifugations at 42, g at 4°C for 1 h.
Cy5-labeled SGIV Cy5-SGIV pellets were suspended in PBS and passed through 0. The cells and the culture medium in each well were collected for total RNA extraction.
Total RNA was then reverse-transcribed into cDNA with ReverTra Ace® qPCR RT Kit Toyobo, Osaka, Japan. SGIV infection was identified by detecting SGIV MCP and viral envelope protein VP19 transcripts with RT-qPCR, as previously described Liu et al. The β-actin gene was used as an internal control.
The primers used for qRT-PCR are listed in Table 1. The results from three independent experiments were presented as mean ± SD. Table 1. The primers used for detecting Singapore grouper iridovirus SGIV infection in qRT-PCR. At 48 h post-infection hpithe cells and the culture supernatants were collected for protein extraction.
The blots were washed with TBS and incubated with secondary antibodiesThe blots were reprobed with α-tubulinfor total protein. The cells were maintained at 28°C for 48 h. At 48 hpi, the cells and the culture supernatants were collected for virus titer analysis. The data from three independent experiments were used to quantify the effects of quercetin on SGIV infection.
The antiviral mechanism of quercetin against SGIV infection was further analyzed, as previously described with modification Liu et al. After having been centrifuged at 42, g at 4°C for 1 h, virion pellets were collected and suspended in μl TN buffer.
Furthermore, 10 μl SGIV was added into GS cells in a well plate at 28°C. At 48 hpi, the cells and the culture medium in each well were collected for total RNA extraction and analyzed by RT-qPCR. The effects of quercetin on SGIV binding to host cells were first analyzed by RT-qPCR. GS cells were seeded in a well plate at 28°C for 24 h.
The culture supernatants were removed, and the cells were washed twice with L The cells and the culture medium in each well at 12 hpi were collected for total RNA extraction and SGIV infection detection by RT-qPCR.
The effects of quercetin on SGIV binding to host cells were also analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. The cells were washed twice with PBS and collected for flow cytometry analysis. The effects of quercetin on SGIV binding to host cells were further analyzed by LSCM.
After having been washed with serum-free, phenol-red-free medium, their fluorescence was detected by LSCM. The effects of quercetin on SGIV invading into host cells were first analyzed by RT-qPCR. The culture supernatants were removed, and cells were washed twice with L GS cells were cultured at 28°C.
Cells without quercetin treatment served as the control group. The effects of quercetin on SGIV invading into the host cells were also analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. After having been washed three times with PBS, the cells were collected for flow cytometry analysis. The effects of quercetin on SGIV invading into the host cells were further analyzed by LSCM.
After having been washed with serum-free, phenol-red-free medium, their fluorescence was further detected by LSCM. SGIV-infected cells without quercetin treatment served as the control group. The cells and the culture medium in each well at 12 hpi were collected for SGIV replication analysis by RT-qPCR and virus titer detection.
The cells and the culture medium in each well at 24 hpi were collected for SGIV replication analysis by virus titer detection. The inhibitory percentage of quercetin on a different stage of SGIV infection was evaluated as described previously Yu et al.
X represents each RT-qPCR results of cells treated with SGIV and quercetin on a different stage of SGIV infection, A represents the RT-qPCR result for cells treated with SGIV alone, and B represents the RT-qPCR result of normal cells. The average value of three independent experiments was calculated.
Intergroup differences were compared using one-way analysis of variance with SPSS statistical software IBM, Armonk, NY, USA. The possible cytotoxic effects of quercetin on GS cells were evaluated after 24 h of incubation.
GS cells were first observed under a light microscope Figure 1A. The cytoskeleton is a major mechanical structure of a cell and plays an important role in cell functions Fletcher and Mullins, FITC-labeled anti-vimentin, anti-cytokeratin, and anti-fibronectin antibodies were applied to observe the cytoskeleton Figures 1C — E.
Figure 1. Quercetin at working concentration exhibited no cytotoxic effects. GS cells incubated with quercetin kept a normal growth. Scale bar: μm. NS indicates no statistical significance.
: Antiviral infection-fighting plants| 15 Impressive Herbs with Antiviral Activity | HIV, considered as one of the most fatal virus which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS. Thus, invention of antiretroviral therapy to combat this virus remains one of the global challenges to researchers. Multiplication of this virus involves several basic steps, such as attachment to host cell surface, entry and uncoating of genetic materials to the host cell, reverse transcription of genomic RNA with the help of reverse transcriptase RT enzyme followed by translocation of the DNA to host nucleus. Then, the viral DNA gets integrated into host genome and undergoes transcription resulting formation of mRNA and genetic RNA. The mRNA undergoes translation to form viral proteins which are assembled accompanied by genetic RNA in form of virion. These newly formed virions are released from host cells by rapturing plasma membranes and got matured by the help of protease enzyme Kirchhoff, Numerous bioactive metabolites have been tested and reported for having efficacy to block the steps of multiplications of this virus Figure 2. Researchers demonstrated that interaction of gp of HIV and CD4 receptor of host cell surface has been inhibited by EGCG and ajoene Williamson et al. Reverse transcription is one of the major molecular targets of discovery of antiviral drugs against HIV. Bangladeshi medicinal plant-derived biomolecules anolignan-A, anolignan-B, ajoene, and EGCG inhibited this step by inhibiting RT enzyme. EGCG inhibits this step by interfering Nrf2, AKT, and AMPK signaling transduction pathways which are essential for regulation of viral replication. Li et al. Besides, this biomolecule affects uncoating and nuclear translocation of genetic materials indirectly by downregulation of the expression of p24 gene Xu et al. Synthesized viral proteins are essential components for formation of new virions. Curcumin, found in Curcuma longa , has been reported for degradation of newly synthesized viral proteins Jennings and Parks, Maturation of newly released virions is mandatory for attaining infectivity which involves protease enzyme-regulated proteolytic cleavage. This protease enzyme is inhibited by oleanolic acid Tshilanda et al. FIGURE 2. Impact of bioactive metabolites derived from Bangladeshi medicinal plants on molecular targets of various steps of multiplication process of HIV. RT, reverse transcriptase; EGCG, epigallocatechingallate; and gp, glycoprotein HBV is a unique type of virus that attacks the hepatocytes resulting severe liver infection. Its genomic material is partially double-stranded DNA, commonly known as relaxed-circular DNA or rcDNA. The multiplication process of this virus is distinctive which involves complex and sequential stages Grimm et al. The genomic rcDNA gets translocated to nucleus where host proteins and enzymes repair it by covalent ligation of DNA double strands and form complementary closed circular DNA or ccDNA. It is a highly stable molecular template that exhibits capability to modulate the progression status of severe and barely curable chronic liver infection. After that, the transcription of ccDNA generates subgenomic RNA sgRNA and pre-genomic RNA pgRNA. Bioactive molecules, such as EGCG and curcumin have been reported to inhibit this transcription step leading to reduction of viral load Xu et al. FIGURE 3. Impact of bioactive metabolites derived from Bangladeshi medicinal plants on molecular targets of HBV. This multiplication cycle proceeds by translation and processing of viral antigen particles from sgRNA. Hepatitis-B surface antigen HbsAg and hepatitis-B e antigen HbeAg are predominantly used screening parameter to assay anti-HBV activity. HbsAg is essential for viral assembly whereas HbeAg is a circulating protein in blood of infected patients during active replication stage. This HbeAg level is an indicator of predicting that the patient is whether infectious to others or not Grimm et al. Besides, EGCG diminished the expression of these antigens significantly Xu et al. Alternatively, the pgRNA undergoes encapsidation followed by a complex process of reverse transcription to form single strand - DNA or ssDNA. This step was inhibited by EGCG and kaempferol in various investigations Xu et al. Plant metabolites possess multiple therapeutic activities. They can produce synergistic effects resulting superior therapeutic outcomes. Along with numerous advantages, a number of challenges must be overcome during drug discovery process. The major hindrance is drugability of the plant metabolites. Pharmacokinetic ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination parameters are the crucial factors that affect the drugability of a plant-derived compound. Fortunately, advancement of novel drug delivery systems and nanotechnologies enlighten the hope of developing plant metabolites as potential drugs. Already a number of plant metabolites have been formulated as novel drug delivery systems Table 5. Other impending challenges are a procurement and authentication of plant materials; b application of high-throughput screening bioassays and scale-up of bioactive lead compounds; and c complexity in isolation and purification processes Jachak and Saklani, Moreover, the toxicities of plant metabolites are sometimes overlooked during laboratory based assays which are observed during clinical trials. Isolation, purification, and bioassay of pure plant-derived compounds are relatively complex, time consuming and required so much efforts, thus failure of drug development at clinical trial phases are very disappointing Phu et al. TABLE 5. Effective delivery systems for oral delivery of plant metabolites with antiviral activity Ben-Shabat et al. In this review, we have summarized the overview of 46 antiviral medicinal plants from 25 families cultivated and originated in Bangladesh. Moreover, bioactive phytochemicals are not profiled for all of these plants. From the available data regarding these plants, a total of 79 compounds with antiviral activities have been found. Amongst them, about 37 bioactive compounds have significant antiviral activities accompanied by mechanistic explanation. These compounds showed potential inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2, HIV, HBV, HCV, HSV, DENV, influenza virus and so others. EGCG, oleanolic acid, hesperidin, quercetin, curcumin, kaempferol, and andrographolide showed activity against multiple viruses. Adequate studies are not available regarding structure activity relationship of these bioactive compounds which are crucial to develop drugs active against fatal viruses. Thus, for the development of desired antiviral drug molecules from these medicinal plants, further investigations should be necessary to unveil the mechanism of antiviral activities of the isolated bioactive metabolites along with enlightenment of the structure activity relationship. SB: Generated the idea and contributed to writing the manuscript followed by editing; KM, AA, and RB: Contributed to writing the most important sections of the manuscript including the drawing of the figures; MA: Contributed to the dissemination of ideas on viral diseases and selection of Bangladeshi herbal plants to be used with evidence for writing the manuscript. 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| How to Use Herbs: | Figure 5. Inhibitory effects of quercetin on SGIV invading into host cells. A,B The inhibitory effects of quercetin on SGIV invading into host cells were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Test group: SGIV-infected cells at 0—2 hpi treated with quercetin; control group: SGIV-infected cells without quercetin treatment. C The inhibitory effects of quercetin on SGIV invading into host cells were proven by flow cytometry analysis. The cells in each group were then digested in protease K and collected for flow cytometry analysis. Compared to the control group, the fluorescence signals of Cy5 on cells of the test group decreased obviously. The effects of quercetin on SGIV replication in the host cells were analyzed by RT-qPCR and virus titer Figure 6. SGIV-infected cells at 2 hpi and treated with quercetin for 10 h were the test group; SGIV-infected cells without quercetin treatment served as the control group. As shown in Figure 6A , the levels of viral MCP and VP19 gene expression in the cells of the test group decreased obviously Figure 6A. The inhibitory effects of quercetin on SGIV replication in the host cells were also proven by virus titer analysis Figure 6B. Compared to the control group, quercetin could significantly reduce virus titers at 24 hpi, which suggested that SGIV replication in the host cells could be inhibited by quercetin Figure 6. Figure 6. Inhibitory effects of quercetin on SGIV replication in host cells. A Inhibitory effects of quercetin on SGIV binding to host cells were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Test group: SGIV-infected cells at 2 hpi treated with quercetin at 28°C for 10 h; control group: SGIV-infected cells without quercetin treatments. A The levels of viral MCP and VP19 gene expression in the cells of test groups decreased obviously. B Inhibitory effects of quercetin on SGIV replication in host cells were proved by virus titer analysis. Compared to the control group, quercetin could significantly reduce virus titers. The inhibitory percentage of quercetin on different stages of SGIV infection was evaluated by RT-qPCR results. The results based on MCP gene expression revealed that the inhibitory percentages of quercetin on SGIV particles test 1 , SGIV binding to the membrane of host cells test 2 , SGIV invading into host cells test 3 , and SGIV replication test 4 were The results based on the VP19 gene were consistent with those of the MCP gene Figure 7B. Figure 7. Inhibitory percentage of quercetin on a different stage of SGIV infection. A The inhibitory percentages are based on MCP gene expression. The inhibitory percentages of quercetin on SGIV particles test 1 , SGIV binding to the membrane of host cells test 2 , SGIV invading into host cells test 3 , and SGIV replication test 4 were B The inhibitory percentages based on the viral envelope protein gene were consistent with those of the MCP gene. As an important medicinal plant, numerous compounds have been isolated and identified from I. verum Hook. Modern pharmacology studies have proved that these active compounds possess diverse pharmacological actions, including antiviral, antimicrobial, insecticidal, analgesic, antioxidant, sedative, and convulsive activities Chaubey, ; Dzamic et al. Some I. verum ingredients especially have excellent antiviral effects, such as sesquiterpenes against hepatitis B virus and HIV Song et al. In the previous study, we explored the antiviral effects of some I. verum extracts against SGIV. The results showed that the I. verum active ingredients quercetin, shikimic acid, trans-anethole, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid could combat SGIV infection. The quercetin antiviral mechanisms were investigated in this study to obtain valuable insights into the development of effective antiviral therapeutics against SGIV. Fish cell lines serve as alternatives to experimental animals and have been widely used to evaluate the toxicity Li et al. The cytoskeleton is an interconnected network of filamentous polymers and regulatory proteins composed of different types of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The cytoskeleton is responsible for cell shape, whole-cell motility, and cell organelle motility, thus playing an important role in various cell functions. Cytoskeleton defects, including alterations in microtubule stability, in axonal transport, and in actin dynamics, have been characterized in diseased cells Wang et al. For example, the cytoskeleton in host cells plays a key role during virus infection. Spring viremia of carp virus SVCV infection could induce the collapse of the cytoskeletal fiber system, ring-shape structures, and filament depolymerization Liu et al. Wang et al. Furthermore, SGIV particles are transported along both actin filaments and microtubules in host cells, and intracellular SGIV motility could be remarkably affected by the depolymerization of actin filaments or microtubules Wang et al. The study on the mechanisms of medicinal plant ingredients against virus infection could help develop effective and safe antiviral drugs. A virus infection starts with the viruses attaching to the host cell membrane, invading into the host cell. In the cells, viruses are transported to the replication site, where it initiates the expression of virus genes and replication Wang et al. As reported previously, most antivirus medicines are designed to disturb the different stages of the virus infection process. verum is the main industrial source of shikimic acid. Shikimic acid is the primary ingredient of oseltamivir phosphate, which serves as neuraminidase inhibitor and is the effective antiviral drug for the treatment and prevention of influenza Hu et al. Lonicera japonica Thunb. japonica is an important medicinal plant worldwide. japonica is rich in chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, etc. Chlorogenic acid has been applied to treat viral upper respiratory tract infections caused by the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus. Ding et al. It indicated that chlorogenic acid could inhibit the influenza virus during the late stage of virus infection by down-regulating nucleoprotein expression. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid had neuraminidase activity and could block the release of the newly assembled virus from infected host cells Ding et al. Liu et al. japonica components against SGIV infection and proved that some L. japonica components isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid C, caffeic acid, luteolin, and inositol exhibited an antiviral activity against SGIV infection in a dose-dependent manner. The other antiviral mechanism results indicated that coumarins B4 and C2 did not affect the early stage of viral infection, such as virus adhesion and delivery from the endosomes to the cytosol, but exerted antiviral effects by preventing the cell apoptosis and microfilament organization disruption caused by SVCV infection. They also could up-regulate anti-oxidative enzyme gene expression and keep the balance of intracellular redox state during virus infection Liu et al. In the previous study, quercetin was isolated from I. verum and proved to combat SGIV infection with an inhibitory percentage above Quercetin meets the key requirements for developing commercially available drugs against SGIV infection in aquaculture. Systemic studies were performed to explore the anti-SGIV mechanisms of quercetin in this study. The virus life cycle is initiated with the virus attaching to the cell membrane, invasion into the host cell, virus replication in cells, and release of newly assembled virions from the host cells. Knowledge on how antiviral agents exert antiviral effects is essential to develop antiviral medicines Wang et al. Then, we could reasonably conclude that quercetin did have damaging effects on SGIV particles. The effects of quercetin on the different steps of the SGIV life cycle in GS cells were further investigated. The results indicated that quercetin could interfere with SGIV binding to targets on host cells by Quercetin had the best antiviral effects during the SGIV life cycle of binding to the receptors on the membrane of host cells, representing the critical stage of SGIV infection. It was consistent with a previous study reported by Ganesan et al. Rhinovirus RV could cause exacerbations in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ganesan et al. Furthermore, as reported by Wang et al. Rojas et al. Bisignano et al. It indicated that quercetin not only blocked the production of infectious HSV-1 particles but also inhibited HSV-1 adsorption to cells Bisignano et al. Quercetin belongs to flavonoids. Hoensch and Weigmann reported that flavonoids could interact with toll-like receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells, then internalize into the cytoplasm and transfer to the nucleus. Then, quercetin could increase the glutathione levels and prevent cell death against an oxidative insult. Furthermore, heat-shock protein 70 Hsp70 plays a key role in multiple cell functions, including protein translation, folding, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. Hsp70 has been isolated and identified in both nucleocapsids from rabies virus-infected cells and purified virions. Furthermore, Hsp70 also interacts with the nucleoprotein N in host cells Lahaye et al. It is speculated that Hsp70 is involved in the different stages of the virus life cycle, including viral transcription, translation, and production. Lahaye et al. It is interesting to explore the effects of quercetin on Hsp70 regulation during SGIV infection in host cells in a future study. In summary, I. verum extract quercetin appears to have direct and host-mediated antiviral effects against SGIV, which holds great potentials for the development of effective drugs for controlling SGIV infection in aquaculture. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. PL and QZ conceived and designed the experiments. MLu and QY performed the main experiments. HX and MLi cultured the cells and performed the flow cytometry analysis. YH contributed to the reagents, materials, and analysis tools. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China , the Key Research and Development Programs of Guangxi AB , the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi AD, GXNSFAA, and GXNSFBA , the Innovation-Driven Development Special Fund Project of Guangxi AA , and the Basic Research Fund of Guangxi Academy of Sciences YJJ, YJJ, and YJJ The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We would like to thank the Light of the Western China Visiting Scholar Program and Outstanding Chinese and Foreign Youth Exchange Program of China Association of Science and Technology. We thank Prof. Wei Jingguang from South China Agricultural University for providing the MCP antibodies. Awad, E. Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. 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Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID Mol Cell Biochem , — Download citation. Received : 02 September Accepted : 25 January Published : 15 February Issue Date : June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract The pandemic of Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 SARS-CoV-2 that produces corona virus disease COVID has challenged the entire mankind by rapidly spreading globally in countries affecting over 25 million people and about 1 million deaths worldwide. Drugs for treating infections caused by non-tubercular mycobacteria: a narrative review from the study group on mycobacteria of the Italian Society of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Article Open access 08 February A Review of Coronavirus Disease COVID Article 13 March Risk and Protective Factors for COVID Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality Article 19 January Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Introduction In Wuhan, China in December , a newly emergent novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was reported to cause severe acute respiratory tract infections, coronavirus disease COVID [ 1 ]. Typical viral disease mechanism and various targets for antiviral drugs. Full size image. Pathogenesis of COVID and strategy for using edible plants For a better insight on how nutraceuticals or phytomolecules can effectively work against novel coronaviruses, it is imperative to understand the structural characteristics and culpable targets and receptors associated with it. Pathogenesis of COVID Edible plants exhibiting antiviral property against RNA viruses: initial signals for COVID The secondary metabolites obtained from herbal drugs can also be utilized as nutraceuticals and can become a lead compound in the treatment therapy [ 35 ]. Table 1 Edible plants present in Indian biodiversity being used as food or nutraceutical showing anti-retroviral activity Full size table. Clinical evidence of SARS treatment using herbals: paving the way for optimistic future An epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS that began in saw extensive usage and treatment with phytomolecules as auxiliary therapy to conventional medicine. 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| Antiviral Herbs: | Wellness Rx, blending traditional pharmacy services with natural medicine, and providing educational and consultation services. Blending Traditional Pharmacy With Natural Medicine Cart. Your Cart. Product is not available in this quantity. Antibacterial Herbs : Calendula Calendula officinalis : Calendula can be used in first-aid to heal wounds, prevent infection and treat pink eye. It can be prepared in different ways, including infusions, tinctures, lotions and ointments. No known precautions. Cinnamon Cinamomum zeylanicum : Cinnamon warms the body, aids in digestion and is used for its antibacterial properties. It can be taken as a tea, added to food or the essential oil can be used. When using it as an essential oil, remember to use a carrier oil to prevent skin irritation. Clove Syzygium aromaticum : Though clove is typically used as a topical analgesic, clove-infused oil or clove essential oil can also be used to kill bad intestinal bacteria. For internal use, use in cooking or make a cup of clove tea. If using topically, always dilute in a carrier oil. Garlic Allium sativum : As an antibacterial herb, Garlic is more effective against several types of bacteria than penicillin. It is also friendlier to the body than antibiotics because it attacks the offending bacteria without wiping out the body's normal flora. Garlic can be used as a tincture, capsule, infused in oil or simply added to your diet if cooking with garlic, avoid heating past degrees Fahrenheit, as that will decrease its potency. Echinacea Echinacea angustifolia : Taken a the onset of an infection, Echinacea can speed the healing process. It is most effective when taken as a tincture over a long period of time. Do not use if you have an auto-immune disease. Oregon Grape Root Mahonia aquifolium : Oregon grape root is a potent antibacterial herb, especially when combined with Echinacea. Do not take if pregnant, breastfeeding or if you have a history of diabetes, stroke, hypertension or glaucoma. Take as a tincture, but not for long-term treatment , as it can decrease Vitamin B absorption. Marshmallow Root Althea officinalis L. It also contains tannins found effective in urinary tract infections. It can be taken internally as a tea. Usnea Usnea barbata : This common lichen is antibacterial and antifungal. A powerful antibiotic, Usnea is used to treat urinary tract infections, strep and staph infections, respiratory and sinus infections as well as fungal infections like yeast and vaginosis. It is best used as a tincture. No known precautions, but consult an herbalist before using during pregnancy. Uva Ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi : Uva Ursi is often used as a tincture or capsule for treating urinary tract infections as it contains compounds effective at killing pathogens typically associated with UTIs. Due to its strength, it should not be used continually for longer than 2 weeks. Not for use by children, pregnant or nursing women or for those with kidney disease. Yarrow Achillea millefolium : Tiny yarrow flowers have a number of different uses. As a powder, they stop bleeding quickly. Infused in water, it speeds the healing of canker sores. As a tea, yarrow is used to fight urinary tract infections. Because it can cause uterine contractions, avoid during pregnancy. Antiviral Herbs: Astragalus Root Astragalus membranaceus : Astragalus is one of the antiviral herbs that works by boosting the immune system. Taken internally, either as a capsule, tincture or by adding it to soup. It is known to increase your body's defense against viruses. It is best used as prevention, so taking it during flu season or before going places with large crowds of people. Avoid if you already have a fever. Cat's Claw Uncaria tomentosa : In addition to being an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral herb, Cat's Claw is also known for boosting the immune system and increasing your body's protection against illness. It can be taken as a tea, tincture or capsule. Do not use during pregnancy. Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon : Cranberry is a potent defense against urinary tract infections due to its ability to make the bladder lining too "slippery" to adhere to. Full of antioxidants, cranberry also has antiviral properties and prevents plaque formation on teeth. It can be taken in a capsule or as a juice make sure it is unsweetened. Elderberry Sambucus nigra : Elderberry is used as a remedy for viral infections like the flu and common cold. It stimulates circulation, causing sweating, effectively cleansing the body. Elderberry syrup is the common delivery method and 1 - 3 tablespoons can be taken per day during infection. Leaves, roots, seeds and berries of the raw plant contain cyanide-producing compounds and should not be consumed without cooking properly. Ginger Zingiber officinale : Ginger is another herb known for its antiviral and antibacterial properties. It is used to prevent and decrease the duration of the common cold. It can be taken as a tea, in capsule form or added to meals. Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis : An important volatile oil found in Lemon Balm contains antiviral properties. Lemon Balm leaf makes a tasty tea that can also relieve an upset stomach and promote calm. May be unsafe to consume during pregnancy. Licorice Root Glycyrrhiza glabra : Licorice is antiviral and antibacterial. It is commonly used for gastric ulcers as it kills H. pylori causes ulcers without upsetting the stomach. Steep these antiviral herbs as a tea and drink by itself or blended with other herbal teas. Avoid during pregnancy. 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J Med Food. Download references. Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, , India. Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, , India. Supriya Sharma, Nisha Nair, Jaseela Majeed, Ramesh K. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Mahaveer Dhobi. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Patel, B. et al. Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID Mol Cell Biochem , — Download citation. Received : 02 September Accepted : 25 January Published : 15 February Issue Date : June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract The pandemic of Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 SARS-CoV-2 that produces corona virus disease COVID has challenged the entire mankind by rapidly spreading globally in countries affecting over 25 million people and about 1 million deaths worldwide. Drugs for treating infections caused by non-tubercular mycobacteria: a narrative review from the study group on mycobacteria of the Italian Society of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Article Open access 08 February A Review of Coronavirus Disease COVID Article 13 March Risk and Protective Factors for COVID Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality Article 19 January Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Introduction In Wuhan, China in December , a newly emergent novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was reported to cause severe acute respiratory tract infections, coronavirus disease COVID [ 1 ]. Typical viral disease mechanism and various targets for antiviral drugs. Full size image. Pathogenesis of COVID and strategy for using edible plants For a better insight on how nutraceuticals or phytomolecules can effectively work against novel coronaviruses, it is imperative to understand the structural characteristics and culpable targets and receptors associated with it. Pathogenesis of COVID Edible plants exhibiting antiviral property against RNA viruses: initial signals for COVID The secondary metabolites obtained from herbal drugs can also be utilized as nutraceuticals and can become a lead compound in the treatment therapy [ 35 ]. Table 1 Edible plants present in Indian biodiversity being used as food or nutraceutical showing anti-retroviral activity Full size table. Clinical evidence of SARS treatment using herbals: paving the way for optimistic future An epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS that began in saw extensive usage and treatment with phytomolecules as auxiliary therapy to conventional medicine. 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