Simultaneous determination of diosmin and diosmetin in human plasma by ion trap ans chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical Flavonoids and blood sugar control tandem mass spectrometry: Flabonoids to Conttrol clinical Carbohydrate and aging study. Content Access Key Password. Puerarin acts on the skeletal muscle to improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats involving μ-opioid receptor. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κBinhibit inflammatory enzymes, enhance anti-inflammatory cytokine ILenhance insulin section, reduce insulin resistance, and control blood glucose level. The identification of Anthocyanins from Padus racemosa and its protective effects on H 2 O 2 -induced INS-1 cells damage and STZ-induced diabetes mice. CSE Copy Hajiaghaalipour F, Khalilpourfarshbafi M, Arya A.

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'Bionic Pancreas' to improve blood sugar control for diabetics With Natural fat burner for lean muscles economic development and the improvement of living standards, the numbers Flavonoidds patients with type 2 diabetes Antiviral immune support supplements have Wireless glucose monitoring Non-GMO Coconut Oil. Globally, it is predicted that the contorl of diabetes among adults aged 20 to Flavonodis Flavonoids and blood sugar control old will reach up to aand. Insulin resistance IR and impaired insulin secretion are the two major pathophysiological bases for the occurrence and development of T2D. There are many factors that lead to insulin resistance, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. To improve insulin resistance, the current treatment involves the administration of thiazolidinediones and biguanides. Although they can improve the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, they have large side effects that include increased bodyweight and edema. In severe cases, these drugs could increase the risk of fractures and heart failure, making their side effects even life-threatening.

Flavonoids and blood sugar control -

It was found to share the similar mechanistic basis to that of lutein in its protective role Table 4. Protective effects of carotenoids against diabetic complications—animal study evidence.

In addition, lycopene exhibited anti-hyperglycemia and anti-dyslipidemia properties by decreasing the FBG and modulating plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides 84 , An oral dosage of 0. The antioxidative activity of astaxanthin attenuated the renal oxidative stress and prevented renal cell damage Since apoptosis of RGCs is the key driver for DR, astaxanthin may serve as a potential antioxidant treatment for this complication.

Astaxanthin and lutein also, respectively, showed neuroprotective effect in the retina of diabetic rats upon a supplementation of either astaxanthin 0. The xanthophyll carotenoids reduced ocular oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by downregulating NF-κB activity A few human intervention studies have been emerging recently in exploring the safety and efficacy of using carotenoids in either an oral supplement or a food form in preventing or treating diabetic complications mainly DR, DCC, and DPN Table 5.

Regarding the safety of consumption, one patient reported having headache after the supplement administration, which was possibly due to allergy to the compound mixture, as explained by the researchers, but the exact reason was unknown The effects of lutein and zeaxanthin together in preventing DR was also examined in a 2-year intervention study among 60 patients with T2DM.

The results establish a sound foundation in building future trials to assess the long-term efficacy of using carotenoid supplementation in improving the visual function of type 2 diabetic patients.

The supplement also optimized the lipid profile of the patients by lowering LDL-C and triglycerides, with no effect on glycemic control Although the study did not assess the bio-availability of individual compounds contained in the mixture upon ingestion, the increment of MPOD readings from baseline measures indicated the retinal uptake of lutein and zeaxanthin.

Such multi-component formula may exert synergistic or inhibitory constituent effects, yet without a clear picture of the constituent bio-availabilities, the interpretation of the mechanistic basis is limited.

The study was single-centered with a short duration, which warrants future research employing a wider patient community and longer evaluation time.

Although not significant, a slight increase in glare sensitivity GS in the lutein group was also observed between baseline and week 36 Lutein supplement might benefit as an adjunct therapy in preventing vision deterioration and inhibit advancement of DR in diabetic patients, yet such notion needs to be further confirmed in a larger-scaled clinical trial.

Table 5. Protective effects of carotenoids against diabetic complications—clinical evidence. Echoing the animal study findings, lycopene administered in an oral supplement or whole-food form showed cardioprotective effect among patients with T2DM Table 5.

The results are suggestive on the preventive role of lycopene against long-term diabetic complications, notably CVD. β-Carotene ameliorated glucose intolerance and improved the plasma lipid profile and NO and GSH levels in 51 patients with T2DM when consumed in a fortified synbiotic food containing 0.

Neither intervention made any changes in the risk of macrovascular complication or total mortality. It was concluded that β-carotene or α-tocopherol supplementation has no protective effect on macrovascular outcomes or total mortality of diabetic male smokers Contrarily, carotenoids, when taken in a whole food, did present protective effects against the risk of developing CVD among patients with T2DM.

Beta-and alpha-carotenes are the predominant forms for carotenoids found in banana fruit The effective protection against LDL-modifications implies a decreased risk of developing CVD. The glycemic control and anti-dyslipidemia functions of unripe banana were also likely to be partly attributed to its resistance starch content, which has exhibited similar antidiabetic effects upon consumption in both prediabetic and diabetic patients In addition, no adverse events such as diarrhea, constipation and abdominal bloating were reported throughout the intervention, indicating the high tolerability of green banana biomass The efficacy and safety of the green-banana biomass encourage its use as potential therapeutics for patients with T2DM.

Recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies have confirmed that intake of flavonoid-rich foods is associated with a lower risk of T2DM. In the studies, intake of flavonoids was calculated using food frequency questionnaires and data from the United States Department of Agriculture 1 or from the European Phenol-Explorer Database.

Though the cohort studies indicate a beneficial effect of flavonoids, the mechanism of action has remained elusive. Initial studies pointed at the antioxidant activities of flavonoids as a potential mechanism to prevent diabetic complications caused by chronic hyperglycemia.

However, the poor bioavailability of flavonoids rarely makes the levels reached in the blood serum or in systemic circulation that are sufficient to give an in vivo antioxidant effect. Admittedly, flavonoids may trigger antioxidant signaling pathways and thus stimulate production of endogenous antioxidants.

An alternative mechanism that may explain the preventive effect of flavonoids against the onset of diabetes may be that they act as α-glucosidase inhibitors in the digestive tract, much like the prescription drug acarbose.

Thus, dietary flavonoids may inhibit the absorption of carbohydrates from the small intestine, resulting in lowered blood sugar levels , Flavonoids in the digestive tract affect, or alter the composition of the resident gut microflora. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is drawing increasing attention as an important system that connects nerve, hormone and immune signals, and thus regulates human metabolism 28 , At present, the role of gut microflora in prevention of diabetes is still a matter of speculation.

Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies and randomized controlled trials linking serum levels of total carotenoids and vitamin A with metabolic syndrome, showed an inverse association. This association was strongest for β-carotene, followed by α-carotene and β-crypotoxanthin.

No significant association was detected between retinol and metabolic syndrome If medicinal claims are made for dietary phytochemicals, e.

However, in nutrition studies it is generally common to ascribe biological activity to complex mixtures or to synergism. That approach would be undesirable in drug design and classical pharmacology and is also not conducive to the elucidation of an unambiguous mechanism of action. Whereas some in vivo animal studies have focused on single flavonoids or carotenoids, very few human intervention studies looked at the effect of single compounds human cohort studies do not consider single compounds at all.

This may explain why proposed mechanisms of action developed from animal studies have never been unambiguously confirmed in human clinical trials. The current preclinical and clinical evidence largely supports the therapeutic roles of the two natural compound groups flavonoids and carotenoids in preventing the advancement of diabetic conditions and the onset and progression of diabetic complications, mainly DCC, DN, and DR.

Their modes of therapeutic actions are pleiotropic involving alleviating hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, attenuating oxidative stress and metabolic inflammation, elevating insulin sensitivity and antioxidant capacity in tissues and organs, as well as combating key risk factors of complications such as hypertension for DCC and increased apoptosis of RGCs for DR.

From the in vivo studies reviewed, there is a clear discrepancy in the level of dosage and length of feeding duration applied in all experimental settings including human interventions.

Also, some beneficial effects may have been derived from synergistic actions of multiple phytochemical compounds administered instead of single ones.

Most of the clinical trials to date studied the effect of concentrated phytochemical extracts taken as a supplement rather than that of whole foods rich in those phytochemicals. Very few investigated the bioavailability of the test compounds upon ingestion under diabetic conditions. Hence, the interactions of diabetes specially hyperglycemia and its complications with the bioavailability and bioactivity of those phytochemicals are not clearly understood, which limits the extension of knowledge of the mechanisms underlying their protective effects.

The existence of other dietary components such as starch, fiber and alkaloids may enhance the antidiabetic potential of those phytochemicals, e. Also, the present clinical evidence focuses on the short-term effect rather than long term, the latter of which more fits into the development pattern of chronic diabetic complications.

Therefore, appropriate and well-designed clinical trials are necessary to identify pharmacologically active dietary phytochemicals and elucidate their mechanism of action in treating diabetes-related complications when dosed as whole foods and on a long-term basis.

Yet, future long-term RCTs with bioavailability investigations are needed to identify their effective dose and duration, and safety and tolerability at various doses consumed among patients at different disease stages before confident clinical applications.

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

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Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: new findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds existing as secondary metabolites in fruits and vegetables as well as fungi.

Their structure consists of 15 carbon skeletons and two aromatic rings A and B connected by three carbon chains.

Flavonoids are furtherly classified into 6 subclasses: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanols, and anthocyanidins. Naturally occurring flavonoids possess anti-diabetic effects. As in vitro and animal model's studies demonstrate, they have the ability to prevent diabetes and its complications.

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Articles in this issue. Nutritional psychiatry is one of the growing fields shaping the brain health supplements market. Digestive Health: Powered by probiotics and gut-friendly food. Contract manufacturers are valuable partners in a fast-moving natural products market. Is genderless marketing a new form of personalization?

The joint-health market is embracing collagen, turmeric. Weight management's herbal stars. Heart health: A crowded, competitive, and niche market for supplements. Energy and sleep markets grow more sophisticated by addressing both concerns.

Bone health should be a multi-ingredient, multi-consumer market. A role for Ayurvedic medicine in blood sugar support? The microbiome, neurocosmetics, personalization, and more.

Wireless glucose monitoring Journal of Medical Sciences. Global reach, higher anx. Int J Biol Sci ; suugar 5 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA UiTMBandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.