Further dividing women who reported intakes lower than the RDI did not demonstrate a more pronounced treatment effect for women with more marginal intakes data not shown. No other interactions were observed Table 3.

We found significantly smaller, albeit modest, weight increases and a significantly lower risk of weight gain in women randomized to calcium plus cholecalciferol supplements compared with placebo in this large, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Our findings of calcium plus cholecalciferol for long-term weight maintenance support some 11 , 15 - 18 , 20 , 24 but not all 19 of the previous studies, suggesting an inverse association between calcium intake and body weight. In contrast, a Norwegian cross-sectional study 15 reported a positive association of calcium with BMI for men and no association of calcium with BMI among women.

Two more recent reports, one from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 19 showed no relationship between baseline or change in intake of calcium and weight change during a year follow-up, whereas another from the Vitamins and Lifestyle cohort study 20 demonstrated that women who were currently taking individual calcium supplements had a lower mean year weight gain than nonusers.

The limited experimental data in this area are inconclusive, with some studies 21 - 23 demonstrating that in adults calcium derived from either supplements or dairy products has no benefit, whereas other studies 8 , 24 , 25 suggest a positive role in weight management.

However, many of these experimental studies are limited by small sample sizes or short study durations. The small magnitude of the effect observed in this study has several possible explanations. The benefit of calcium on weight maintenance may, in fact, be small and detected in this trial only because of our large sample size.

Others have also proposed that the benefit of calcium in the absence of an energy deficit is likely to be small. In contrast to the conclusions from the studies cited herein, both of which are predictions based on studies of shorter durations, the effect observed in the WHI at year 1 was not cumulative during the 7 years of observation but appeared to peak by year 3 and then stabilize.

Alternatively, the relatively small effect observed in the WHI may have been because the source of calcium supplementation was from nondairy products. This finding is supported by several studies 13 , 30 that showed larger beneficial effects from calcium derived from consumption of dairy products compared with supplements.

It is also possible that the effects of calcium may be enhanced under conditions of energy deficit, and larger differences between the intervention and control groups may have been seen if supplementation was accompanied by energy restriction or increased energy output.

One recent study, 31 which demonstrated that a dairy-based high-calcium diet increased fat oxidation under conditions of acute energy deficit, proposed that the effects were due to an increase in exercise.

In our data, we saw no interaction across baseline levels of physical activity or energy intakes. This investigation has some notable limitations. First, the WHI obtained repeated measures of anthropometry eg, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and waist circumference only on a small subset of women; we were therefore unable to identify whether observed weight changes were due to changes in fat mass or other critical components of body composition.

Second, we were unable to adequately examine whether the effect of the intervention varied by baseline vitamin D status, since we did not routinely conduct serum concentrations of hydroxyvitamin D, the preferred measure of vitamin D status.

Several studies 32 - 35 have demonstrated lower levels of hydroxyvitamin D among obese compared with nonobese individuals, suggesting a possible role for vitamin D in weight. However, the strengths of this study are considerable. To our knowledge, this is the largest double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to report the effects of calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation on weight change.

Our long study duration of 7 years allowed us to collect multiple weight measurements using a standardized protocol that enabled precise measures of weight change during the entire follow-up period.

It also allowed us to see the true trajectory of weight change rather than the extrapolated magnitude of yearly weight change reported in previous studies of shorter durations. Moreover, the large sample size of women provided ample power to detect small differences in weight change, and the postmenopausal population allowed us to generalize to a group of women for whom slow but steady weight gain can be a common health concern.

Prevention of weight gain is an important public health goal, and caloric restriction and daily physical activity should still be considered the basic tenets of weight management. Further research should be undertaken to address the effect of calcium supplementation combined with caloric restriction and physical activity on weight gain prevention.

Our findings do not alter current dietary recommendations. Correspondence: Bette Caan, DrPH, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Broadway, Oakland, CA bjc dor.

Author Contributions: Dr Caan had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design : Caan, Neuhouser, LeBoff, Margolis, Wylie-Rosett, and LaCroix. Acquisition of data : Caan, Lewis, Jackson, Margolis, Powell, Uwaifo, Wylie-Rosett, and LaCroix.

Analysis and interpretation of data : Caan, Neuhouser, Aragaki, Jackson, LeBoff, Margolis, Uwaifo, Whitlock, and LaCroix. Drafting of the manuscript : Caan, Neuhouser, Aragaki, and Powell. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content : Caan, Neuhouser, Lewis, Jackson, LeBoff, Margolis, Uwaifo, Whitlock, Wylie-Rosett, and LaCroix.

Statistical analysis : Caan, Aragaki, and LaCroix. Obtained funding : Lewis and Powell. Administrative, technical, and material support : Lewis, Jackson, and Wylie-Rosett. Study supervision : Caan.

Many clinical centers received assistance from the General Clinical Research Center program of the National Center for Research Resources. The active study drug and placebo were supplied by GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare.

Acknowledgment: We thank Lynn Wender for her editorial assistance. We are indebted to the investigators and staff of the WHI clinical centers, the WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute program office for their dedication and effort and to the WHI participants for their extraordinary commitment to the study.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md: Barbara Alving, Jacques Rossouw, Linda Pottern, Shari Ludlam, Joan McGowan, Nancy Geller, and Leslie Ford.

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash: Ross Prentice, Garnet Anderson, Andrea LaCroix, Ruth Patterson, Anne McTiernan, Barbara Cochrane, Julie Hunt, Lesley Tinker, Charles Kooperberg, Martin McIntosh, Ching-Yung Wang, Chu Chen, Deborah Bowen, Alan Kristal, Janet Stanford, Nicole Urban, Noel Weiss, and Emily White.

Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC: Sally Shumaker, Ronald Prineas, and Michelle Naughton. Medical Research Laboratories, Highland Heights, Ky: Evan Stein and Peter Laskarzewski.

San Francisco Coordinating Center, San Francisco, Calif: Steven R. Cummings, Michael Nevitt, and Lisa Palermo. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Lisa Harnack.

Fisher BioServices, Rockville, Md: Frank Cammarata and Steve Lindenfelser. University of Washington, Seattle: Bruce Psaty and Susan Heckbert. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY : Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, William Frishman, Judith Wylie-Rosett, David Barad, and Ruth Freeman.

Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex : Jennifer Hays, Ronald Young, Jill Anderson, Sandy Lithgow, and Paul Bray. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass : JoAnn Manson, J. Michael Gaziano, Claudia Chae, Kathryn Rexrode, and Caren Solomon.

Brown University, Providence, RI : Annlouise R. Assaf, Carol Wheeler, Charles Eaton, and Michelle Cyr. Emory University, Atlanta, Ga : Lawrence Phillips, Margaret Pedersen, Ora Strickland, Margaret Huber, and Vivian Porter.

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center : Shirley A. Beresford, Vicky M. Taylor, Nancy F. Woods, Maureen Henderson, and Robyn Andersen.

George Washington University, Washington, DC : Judith Hsia, Nancy Gaba, and Joao Ascensao. Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute, Torrance, Calif : Rowan Chlebowski, Robert Detrano, Anita Nelson, and Michele Geller. Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Ore : Evelyn Whitlock, Victor Stevens, and Njeri Karanja.

Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, Calif : Bette Caan, Stephen Sidney, Geri Bailey, and Jane Hirata. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee : Jane Morley Kotchen, Vanessa Barnabei, Theodore A.

Kotchen, Mary Ann C. Gilligan, and Joan Neuner. Howard, Lucile Adams-Campbell, Lawrence Lessin, Monique Rainford, and Gabriel Uwaifo. Rush University Medical Center, Chicago : Henry Black, Lynda Powell, Ellen Mason, and Martha Gulati.

Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford, Calif : Marcia L. Stefanick, Mark A. Hlatky, Bertha Chen, Randall S. Stafford, and Sally Mackey. State University of New York at Stony Brook : Dorothy Lane, Iris Granek, William Lawson, Gabriel San Roman, and Catherine Messina.

The Ohio State University, Columbus : Rebecca Jackson, Randall Harris, Electra Paskett, W. Jerry Mysiw, and Michael Blumenfeld. University of Alabama at Birmingham : Cora E.

Lewis, Albert Oberman, James M. Shikany, Monika Safford, and Mona Fouad. University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY : Jean Wactawski-Wende, Maurizio Trevisan, Ellen Smit, Susan Graham, and June Chang.

University of California at Davis, Sacramento : John Robbins and S. University of California at Irvine : F. Allan Hubbell, Gail Frank, Nathan Wong, Nancy Greep, and Bradley Monk.

University of California at Los Angeles : Howard Judd, David Heber, and Robert Elashoff. Langer, Michael H. Criqui, Gregory T. Talavera, Cedric F. Garland, and Matthew A. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio : Margery Gass and Suzanne Wernke.

Stan Williams, and Yvonne Brinson. University of Hawaii, Honolulu : J. Another small study showed subjects who consumed three servings of yogurt daily as part of a reduced-calorie diet lost more weight than those who simply cut calories alone. The yogurt eaters lost 22 percent more weight, 61 percent more body fat, and 81 percent more abdominal fat than the non-yogurt eaters.

As with the most recent study, the researchers hypothesized that the extra calcium provided by yogurt played a role in increasing the amount of weight lost during the study period. So while there is some limited data to support the theory that calcium may play a role in weight control and weight loss, more research still needs to be done.

Researchers believe that there are various potential mechanisms that may explain those additional benefits. Obviously, for those of us who can consume dairy without any issues, including milk, cheeses, and yogurt in our diets is a viable option. Recorded the Jan Webinar. We will examine how supplements developed in and indicate what trends can be expected in the future.

Register to get an overview of the market and Register for free. Content provided by ADM: Innovation that Feeds the Future Oct White Paper. A growing body of evidence shows gut health can affect digestive health, well-being, and many health areas in between.

Content provided by Lipofoods, a Lubrizol Company Sep Product Brochure. As they adopt the notion of holistic health, proactive consumers are driving the demand for products that have science-backed ingredients and offer sensory Content provided by Atlantia Clinical Trials Jul White Paper.

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R indicates calcium plus cholecalciferol vitamin D randomization, which occurred 1 to 2 years after baseline.

Caan B , Neuhouser M , Aragaki A, et al. Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Postmenopausal Weight Gain. Arch Intern Med. Author Affiliations: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland Dr Caan ; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash Drs Neuhouser and LaCroix and Mr Aragaki ; Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Dr Lewis ; Ohio State University, Columbus Dr Jackson ; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass Dr LeBoff ; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Dr Margolis ; Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill Dr Powell ; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medstar Research Institute, Howard University, Washington, DC Dr Uwaifo ; Science Programs Department, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Ore Dr Whitlock ; and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Dr Wylie-Rosett.

Background Obesity in the United States has increased significantly during the past several decades. The role of calcium in the maintenance of a healthy body weight remains controversial. Women were randomized at their first or second annual visit to receive a dose of mg of elemental calcium plus IU of cholecalciferol vitamin D or placebo daily.

Change in body weight was ascertained annually for an average of 7 years. Conclusion Calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation has a small effect on the prevention of weight gain, which was observed primarily in women who reported inadequate calcium intakes.

Trial Registration clinicaltrials. gov Identifier: NCT Other cohort studies 4 , 5 have previously reported similar findings in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Age-related changes in body composition, metabolic factors, and hormone levels, accompanied by declines in physical activity, may provide the underlying mechanisms for the propensity toward postmenopausal gains in fat mass and replacement of lean tissue with adipose tissue.

Some evidence exists that calcium and vitamin D and foods rich in these nutrients may have a role in effective weight management. The biological rationale comes from the observation that calcium and 1,hydroxyvitamin D work in concert to regulate lipid metabolism in adipose cells, 11 , 12 particularly by stimulating fatty acid oxidation and suppressing lipogenesis.

The scant published data from intervention trials are also inconclusive 21 ; some suggest no relationship, 22 , 23 whereas others suggest a role for these nutrients in weight management.

Between October 29, , and October 11, , women were recruited into the WHI randomized trials that assessed the risks and benefits of hormone therapy HT and dietary modification DM. Eligible women were aged 50 to 79 years and were postmenopausal.

One year later, 36 of these participants were recruited into a calcium plus cholecalciferol vitamin D randomized trial, which was designed to test whether calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation would reduce the incidence of hip fracture and colorectal cancer.

Detailed eligibility criteria and recruitment methods have previously been published. Among the total participants enrolled in the calcium plus cholecalciferol randomized trial, Among the trial participants, The protocol and consent forms were approved by the institutional review boards at participating institutions.

Eligible women were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to supplement or placebo provided by GlaxoSmithKline, Pittsburgh, Pa in equal proportions using a permuted block algorithm stratified by clinical center and age.

Each active tablet contained mg of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate and IU of cholecalciferol. Participants were instructed to take 2 tablets per day in divided doses with meals to maximize absorption.

Telephone contact was made 4 weeks after calcium plus cholecalciferol randomization and thereafter semiannually to assess participant symptoms and reinforce adherence. Adherence was assessed by weighing returned pill bottles at annual clinic visits.

Follow-up continued regardless of adherence to the protocol until death, loss to follow-up, participant request for no further contact, or study closeout. Throughout the trial, women with intolerable gastrointestinal tract symptoms were treated by reducing the number of times per day or days per week that study medication was taken without unblinding either the participant or the study staff.

Prerandomization total daily calcium intake was the sum of dietary calcium assessed using the WHI food frequency questionnaire, an adaptation of the Block food frequency questionnaire, 27 plus calcium from supplements in the previous 2 weeks, plus calcium from prescription medications obtained through an interviewer-administered medication survey.

Total vitamin D intake was similarly determined from diet and supplement use. Weight and height were obtained in a standardized manner from all clinical trial participants at each annual visit. Weight was measured with the study participant in light clothing on a calibrated balance beam or digital scale and recorded to the nearest one-tenth kilogram.

The primary outcome measure was weight change: annual weight measurements collected through 7 years of follow-up minus the most recent weight measured before calcium plus cholecalciferol randomization.

All participants with at least 1 weight change measurement were included in the intent-to-treat analysis using linear repeated-measures regression modeling with an unstructured covariance matrix SAS PROC MIXED version 9.

Plots of longitudinal data are based on fitted means from these models in which both treatment assignment and time are modeled as class variables and treatment effect is allowed to vary with time saturated model.

To assess whether the effect of calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation on weight change varied according to baseline risk factors, including baseline calcium and vitamin D intakes, the same models were extended and formal tests of interactions were performed.

In a secondary analysis, we examined the prevention of weight gain during a 3-year period after randomization into the calcium plus cholecalciferol trial. Three years after baseline appeared to be the point at which this postmenopausal cohort transitioned from weight gain to weight loss as part of the natural weight trajectory of aging.

At randomization, 18 women were assigned to the active calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation and 18 to placebo.

Baseline, demographic, medical, and lifestyle characteristics, including calcium intakes, and randomization into the HT and DM trials were similar between groups Table 1. Mean SD follow-up time was 7. At screening for the WHI, the mean SD age was At baseline, Of the women randomized into the calcium plus cholecalciferol trial, At the termination of the trial, participants 4.

At least Figure 1 demonstrates the variation by age in the natural trajectory of weight change during the 7-year follow-up period.

Postmenopausal women experience slow but steady gains until approximately 60 years of age, at which time they begin to stabilize for a period. They then start to lose weight, beginning in their middle to late 60s, and continue to lose weight throughout their seventh decade.

The youngest postmenopausal women aged years experienced the largest mean weight gain 2. In contrast, the oldest women aged years were the only age group to experience a continuous decrease in weight and experienced the largest overall weight change of any age group, with an average loss of 2.

The data presented in Figure 1 are from those women randomized to the placebo arm of any WHI clinical trial intervention HT, DM, or calcium plus cholecalciferol and thus are free of any WHI-designed interventions that might modify weight.

Women randomized to the calcium plus cholecalciferol supplements had smaller average annual weight gains than women assigned to placebo Table 2 and Figure 2 A.

When calcium intakes lower than the RDI were divided further into quartiles, no evidence was found that the effect of the intervention was more pronounced in those who reported more marginal intakes data not shown.

Treatment effects did not vary by age or any of the other 12 subgroups of baseline characteristics tested Table 2. At 3 years after randomization, compared with women taking placebo, women randomized to the active intervention had a lower risk of gaining weight in both small amounts kg OR, 0.

Results were similar for the risk of weight gain during the entire 7-year trial OR, 0. Further dividing women who reported intakes lower than the RDI did not demonstrate a more pronounced treatment effect for women with more marginal intakes data not shown.

No other interactions were observed Table 3. We found significantly smaller, albeit modest, weight increases and a significantly lower risk of weight gain in women randomized to calcium plus cholecalciferol supplements compared with placebo in this large, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Our findings of calcium plus cholecalciferol for long-term weight maintenance support some 11 , 15 - 18 , 20 , 24 but not all 19 of the previous studies, suggesting an inverse association between calcium intake and body weight.

In contrast, a Norwegian cross-sectional study 15 reported a positive association of calcium with BMI for men and no association of calcium with BMI among women. Two more recent reports, one from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 19 showed no relationship between baseline or change in intake of calcium and weight change during a year follow-up, whereas another from the Vitamins and Lifestyle cohort study 20 demonstrated that women who were currently taking individual calcium supplements had a lower mean year weight gain than nonusers.

The limited experimental data in this area are inconclusive, with some studies 21 - 23 demonstrating that in adults calcium derived from either supplements or dairy products has no benefit, whereas other studies 8 , 24 , 25 suggest a positive role in weight management.

However, many of these experimental studies are limited by small sample sizes or short study durations. The small magnitude of the effect observed in this study has several possible explanations.

The benefit of calcium on weight maintenance may, in fact, be small and detected in this trial only because of our large sample size. Others have also proposed that the benefit of calcium in the absence of an energy deficit is likely to be small.

In contrast to the conclusions from the studies cited herein, both of which are predictions based on studies of shorter durations, the effect observed in the WHI at year 1 was not cumulative during the 7 years of observation but appeared to peak by year 3 and then stabilize.

Alternatively, the relatively small effect observed in the WHI may have been because the source of calcium supplementation was from nondairy products. This finding is supported by several studies 13 , 30 that showed larger beneficial effects from calcium derived from consumption of dairy products compared with supplements.

It is also possible that the effects of calcium may be enhanced under conditions of energy deficit, and larger differences between the intervention and control groups may have been seen if supplementation was accompanied by energy restriction or increased energy output.

One recent study, 31 which demonstrated that a dairy-based high-calcium diet increased fat oxidation under conditions of acute energy deficit, proposed that the effects were due to an increase in exercise. In our data, we saw no interaction across baseline levels of physical activity or energy intakes.

This investigation has some notable limitations. First, the WHI obtained repeated measures of anthropometry eg, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and waist circumference only on a small subset of women; we were therefore unable to identify whether observed weight changes were due to changes in fat mass or other critical components of body composition.

Second, we were unable to adequately examine whether the effect of the intervention varied by baseline vitamin D status, since we did not routinely conduct serum concentrations of hydroxyvitamin D, the preferred measure of vitamin D status. Several studies 32 - 35 have demonstrated lower levels of hydroxyvitamin D among obese compared with nonobese individuals, suggesting a possible role for vitamin D in weight.

However, the strengths of this study are considerable. To our knowledge, this is the largest double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to report the effects of calcium plus cholecalciferol supplementation on weight change. Our long study duration of 7 years allowed us to collect multiple weight measurements using a standardized protocol that enabled precise measures of weight change during the entire follow-up period.

It also allowed us to see the true trajectory of weight change rather than the extrapolated magnitude of yearly weight change reported in previous studies of shorter durations.

Moreover, the large sample size of women provided ample power to detect small differences in weight change, and the postmenopausal population allowed us to generalize to a group of women for whom slow but steady weight gain can be a common health concern.

Prevention of weight gain is an important public health goal, and caloric restriction and daily physical activity should still be considered the basic tenets of weight management. Further research should be undertaken to address the effect of calcium supplementation combined with caloric restriction and physical activity on weight gain prevention.

Our findings do not alter current dietary recommendations. Correspondence: Bette Caan, DrPH, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Broadway, Oakland, CA bjc dor. Author Contributions: Dr Caan had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Study concept and design : Caan, Neuhouser, LeBoff, Margolis, Wylie-Rosett, and LaCroix. Acquisition of data : Caan, Lewis, Jackson, Margolis, Powell, Uwaifo, Wylie-Rosett, and LaCroix.

Analysis and interpretation of data : Caan, Neuhouser, Aragaki, Jackson, LeBoff, Margolis, Uwaifo, Whitlock, and LaCroix. Drafting of the manuscript : Caan, Neuhouser, Aragaki, and Powell.

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Alumni Alumni Association Alumni Events Make a Gift SpiritFunder WKU SPIRIT. WKU News WKU News WKU in the News WKU in the News WKU in the News Archive. WKU News Calcium plus vitamin D may help shed body fat Friday, March 27th, NEW YORK Reuters Health - Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements may help overweight women to lose body fat, but only if their calcium intake from food is already quite low, a small study suggests.

The study, which followed 63 overweight or obese women, found that those who took a calcium-plus-vitamin-D supplement in addition to a lower-calorie diet lost no more body fat over 15 weeks than those given a placebo.

When the researchers looked at only those women with a very low calcium intake before the study, the supplement did seem to have a benefit.

While the reason for the benefit is unclear, there was evidence that the supplement helped curb women's appetite for fatty food, the researchers report in the British Journal of Nutrition.

During a buffet-style test meal, the study found, women who'd been taking the supplement ate less fat than they had at a test meal done at the study's start. The same was not true of women in the placebo group, however. Angelo Tremblay, of Laval University in Quebec, Canada, said in a news release from the university.

Some past studies, but not all, have suggested that calcium helps speed fat loss among dieters. For the study, the researchers had 63 overweight middle-aged women go on a calorie-restricted diet.

All had been getting inadequate calcium in their diets -- less than mg, compared with the recommended 1, mg for women ages 19 to The other half took placebo pills. Only women with the lowest calcium intake prior to the study -- less than mg -- seemed to get added fat-loss benefits from the supplement.

Supplement users lost 13 pounds, on average, versus 3 pounds in the placebo group. While the results from the test meals suggest that extra calcium may help calcium-deficient women curb their appetites while dieting, more research is needed to confirm that, according to Tremblay's team.

The study was funded by Wyeth Consumer Healthcare, Inc. html Copyright © Reuters Limited. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters.

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Academic Affairs General. Why not try it and let us know how you get on. Université Laval. ScienceDaily, 19 March Your email address will not be published.

uk Facebook X RSS. Facebook X RSS. Calcium — the secret to losing weight? Sources of calcium Dark leafy greens Spinach blended with mint leaves and water tastes great Broccoli Yogurt Cheese Milk Calcium is often over looked as a diet supplement in favour of magic expensive super food from somewhere far away exotic.

RDA is about mg — mg depending on your age. References Université Laval.